LEADER 06883nam 22006254a 450 001 9910827410603321 005 20240417000501.0 010 $a0-309-17043-5 010 $a1-280-18421-3 010 $a9786610184217 010 $a0-309-56570-7 035 $a(CKB)111069351124286 035 $a(OCoLC)70746481 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10068402 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000105707 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11140278 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000105707 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10105248 035 $a(PQKB)11688662 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3377169 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3377169 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10068402 035 $a(OCoLC)923268797 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111069351124286 100 $a20011016d2001 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aArsenic in drinking water $e2001 update /$fsubcommittee to update the 1999 arsenic in drinking water report, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, DC $cNational Academy Press$dc2001 215 $a1 online resource (241 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-309-07629-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aArsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Epidemiological (Human) Studies -- Metabolism and Mode-of-Action Studies -- Variability and Uncertainty in an Arsenic Risk Assessment -- Quantitative Evaluation of Arsenic Toxicity -- Research Needs -- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Introduction -- SUMMARY OF THE NRC'S 1999 ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER REPORT -- POLICY BACKGROUND -- Summary of EPA's Actions -- CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Human Health Effects -- SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- RECENT STUDIES OF NONCANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Dermal Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Respiratory Effects -- Hepatotoxic Effects -- Hematological Effects -- Diabetes -- RECENT STUDIES OF CANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS -- General Issues with Exposure Measurement -- Chiou et al. 2001 Study -- Ferreccio et al. 2000 Study -- Lewis et al. 1999 Study -- Tsai et al. 1999 Study -- Kurttio et al. 1999 Study -- Karagas et al. 2001 Study -- Tucker et al. 2001 Study -- LATENCY PERIOD -- ESSENTIALITY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Experimental Studies -- SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Methylation of Arsenic -- Species Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Tissue Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic -- Induction of Arsenic Methyltransferases -- Trivalent Methylated Arsenic Metabolites -- ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES -- Animal Bioassays -- Species Differences in Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity Studies -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY. 327 $aRelative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic -- Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations -- Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis -- Cell Signaling -- Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity -- Induction of Oxidative Stress -- Alterations in Gene Expression -- Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Variability and Uncertainty -- VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY -- VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT -- SOURCES OF VARIABILITY -- Exposure -- Per Capita Water Consumption -- Water Consumption in the U.S. Population -- Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population -- Consideration of Infants and Children -- Susceptibility from Exposure Differences -- Intrinsic Susceptibility -- Variability in Arsenic Metabolism -- Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism -- Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism -- Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism -- Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation -- Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation -- Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects -- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY -- Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty -- Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition -- Other Uncertainties -- VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches -- OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION -- Hazard Identification -- Choice of End Point -- Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group -- Adjustments for Water Intake -- Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic. 327 $aAdjustments for Mortality Versus Incidence -- OVERVIEW OF THE SAB'S REPORT ON THE 2001 RISK ASSESSMENT -- Inorganic Arsenic As Principal Form of Arsenic Causing Health Effects -- Implications of Exposure to Natural Arsenic Through Food -- Health Advisory on Low-Arsenic Water and Infant Formula -- SAB's Comments on EPA's Interpretation of the NRC Report -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Choice of End Point and Study -- Quantitative Risk Estimates -- BEIR IV -- Statistical Analyses and Dose-Response Modeling -- Model Choice -- Use of a Comparison Population -- Functional Form of Dose-Response Relationship -- Impact of Dietary Intake of Arsenic -- Impact of Variability in Drinking-Water Intake -- Effects of Exposure-Measurement Error -- Mortality Versus Incidence -- Calculated Risk Estimates -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Hazard Assessment -- FINDINGS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- COMPARISONS OF RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS -- Estimates of Effective Dose for a 1% Response: ED01 -- Cancer Risk Estimates -- PLAUSIBILITY OF CANCER RISK ESTIMATES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. 606 $aDrinking water$xContamination$zUnited States 606 $aDrinking water$xArsenic content 606 $aArsenic$xToxicology$zUnited States 606 $aArsenic$xEnvironmental aspects 615 0$aDrinking water$xContamination 615 0$aDrinking water$xArsenic content. 615 0$aArsenic$xToxicology 615 0$aArsenic$xEnvironmental aspects. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910827410603321 996 $aArsenic in drinking water$93996988 997 $aUNINA