LEADER 04855nam 2200745Ia 450 001 9910825953003321 005 20240418022955.0 010 $a1-283-89098-4 010 $a0-8122-0482-4 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812204827 035 $a(CKB)3170000000046647 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000605807 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11426287 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000605807 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10575363 035 $a(PQKB)11356847 035 $a(OCoLC)794700588 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse8380 035 $a(DE-B1597)449342 035 $a(OCoLC)1013938005 035 $a(OCoLC)979628016 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812204827 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3441631 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10576071 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL420348 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3441631 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000046647 100 $a20091102d2010 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCommerce by a frozen sea$b[electronic resource] $eNative Americans and the European fur trade /$fAnn M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$dc2010 215 $aviii, 260 p. $cill., maps 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 0 $a0-8122-4231-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tIntroduction. Native Americans and Europeans in the Eighteenth-Century Fur Trade --$tChapter 1. Hats and the European Fur Market --$tChapter 2. The Hudson's Bay Company and the Organization of the Fur Trade --$tChapter 3. Indians as Consumers --$tChapter 4. The Decline of Beaver Populations --$tChapter 5. Industrious Indians --$tChapter 6. Property Rights, Depletion, and Survival --$tChapter 7. Indians and the Fur Trade: A Golden Age? --$tEpilogue. The Fur Trade and Economic Development --$tAppendix A. Fur Prices, Beaver Skins Traded, and the Simulated Beaver Population at Fort Albany, York Factory, and Fort Churchill, 1700-1763 --$tAppendix B. Simulating the Beaver Population --$tAppendix C. A Model of Harvesting Large Game: Joint Ownership Versus Competition --$tAppendix D. Food and the Relative Incomes of Native Americans and English Workers --$tNotes --$tBibliography --$tIndex --$tAcknowledgments 330 $aCommerce by a Frozen Sea is a cross-cultural study of a century of contact between North American native peoples and Europeans. During the eighteenth century, the natives of the Hudson Bay lowlands and their European trading partners were brought together by an increasingly popular trade in furs, destined for the hat and fur markets of Europe. Native Americans were the sole trappers of furs, which they traded to English and French merchants. The trade gave Native Americans access to new European technologies that were integrated into Indian lifeways. What emerges from this detailed exploration is a story of two equal partners involved in a mutually beneficial trade. Drawing on more than seventy years of trade records from the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company, economic historians Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis critique and confront many of the myths commonly held about the nature and impact of commercial trade. Extensively documented are the ways in which natives transformed the trading environment and determined the range of goods offered to them. Natives were effective bargainers who demanded practical items such as firearms, kettles, and blankets as well as luxuries like cloth, jewelry, and tobacco-goods similar to those purchased by Europeans. Surprisingly little alcohol was traded. Indeed, Commerce by a Frozen Sea shows that natives were industrious people who achieved a standard of living above that of most workers in Europe. Although they later fell behind, the eighteenth century was, for Native Americans, a golden age. 606 $aEuropeans$zHudson Bay Region$xHistory 606 $aFur trade$zHudson Bay Region$xHistory 606 $aIndians of North America$xCommerce$zHudson Bay Region$xHistory 607 $aHudson Bay Region$xCommerce$xHistory 607 $aHudson Bay Region$xEthnic relations 610 $aAmerican History. 610 $aAmerican Studies. 610 $aBusiness. 610 $aEconomics. 610 $aNative American Studies. 615 0$aEuropeans$xHistory. 615 0$aFur trade$xHistory. 615 0$aIndians of North America$xCommerce$xHistory. 676 $a305.8970714/111 700 $aCarlos$b Ann M$g(Ann Martina),$f1952-$01676463 701 $aLewis$b Frank D$01676464 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910825953003321 996 $aCommerce by a frozen sea$94042681 997 $aUNINA