LEADER 06161nam 2200661Ia 450 001 9910825123003321 005 20230530232455.0 010 $a0-674-07023-2 010 $a0-674-06526-3 024 7 $a10.4159/harvard.9780674065260 035 $a(CKB)2550000000104450 035 $a(StDuBDS)AH24437899 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000739324 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11500534 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000739324 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10697323 035 $a(PQKB)10454024 035 $a(OCoLC)800678784 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3301113 035 $a(DE-B1597)178195 035 $a(OCoLC)1013947582 035 $a(OCoLC)840440552 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780674065260 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3301113 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10574893 035 $a(OCoLC)923119530 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000104450 100 $a20140710d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 14$aThe Soviet biological weapons program $ea history /$fMilton Leitenberg and Raymond A. Zilinskas, with Jens H. Kuhn 210 $aCambridge, Mass. $cHarvard University Press$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (xvi, 921 pages )$cillustrations, maps 300 $aContains contribution by Raymond A. Zilinskas, MIIS faculty/staff. 311 1 $a0-674-04770-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tPreface --$tNote on Transliteration --$tIntroduction --$t1. The Soviet Union's Biological Warfare Program, 1918- 1972 --$t2. Beginnings of the "Modern" Soviet BW program, 1970- 1977 --$t3. USSR Ministry of Defense Facilities and its Biological Warfare Program --$t4. Open-Air Testing of Biological Weapons by Aralsk-7 on Vozrozhdeniye Island --$t5. Soviet Civilian Sector Defenses against Biological Warfare and Infectious Diseases --$t6. Biopreparat's Role in the Soviet Biological Warfare Program and Its Survival in Russia --$t7. Biopreparat's State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (SRCAM) --$t8. All-Union Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Scientific-Production Association "Vector" --$t9. Biopreparat Facilities at Leningrad, Lyubuchany, and Stepnogorsk --$t10. Soviet Biological Weapons and Doctrines for Their Use --$t11. Distinguishing between Offensive and Defensive Biological Warfare Activities --$t12. Assessments of Soviet Biological Warfare Activities by Western Intelligence Services --$t13. United States Covert Biological Warfare Disinformation --$t14. Soviet Allegations of the Use of Biological Weapons by the United States --$t15. Sverdlovsk 1979: The Release of Bacillus anthracis Spores from a Soviet Ministry of Defense Facility and Its Consequences --$t16. Soviet Research on Mycotoxins --$t17. Assistance by Warsaw Pact States to the Soviet Union's Biological Warfare Program --$t18. The Question of Proliferation from the USSR Biological Warfare Program --$t19. Recalcitrant Russian Policies in a Parallel Area: Chemical Weapon Demilitarization --$t20. The Soviet Union, Russia, and Biological Warfare Arms Control --$t21. The Gorbachev Years: The Soviet Biological Weapons Program, 1985- 1992 --$t22. Boris Yeltsin to the Present --$t23. United States and International Efforts to Prevent Proliferation of Biological Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Union --$tConclusion --$tAnnex A. Annex B. Annex C. Annex D. Notes. Acknowledgments. Index --$tAnnex A: Acronyms and Russian Terms --$tAnnex B: Glossary of Biological Warfare-Related Words and Terms --$tAnnex C: A Joint Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, USSR, and the USSR Council of Ministers, Dated 24 June 1981 --$tAnnex D: Joint US/UK/Russian Statement of Biological Weapons --$tNotes --$tAcknowledgments --$tIndex 330 $aRussian officials claim today that the USSR never possessed an offensive biological weapons program. In fact, the Soviet government spent billions of rubles and hard currency to fund hugely expensive research that added nothing to the country's security. This history is the first attempt to understand the full scope of the USSR's offensive biological weapons research-its inception in the 1920's, its growth between 1970 and 1980, and its possible remnants in present-day Russia. We learn that between 1990 and 1992 the U.S. and U.K. governments never obtained clear evidence of the program's closure, raising the haunting question whether the means for waging biological warfare could be resurrected in Russia today. Based on interviews with important Soviet scientists and managers, papers from the Soviet Central Committee, and U.S. and U.K. declassified documents, this book peels back layers of lies, to reveal how and why Soviet leaders decided to develop biological weapons, the scientific resources they dedicated to this task, and the multitude of research institutes that applied themselves to its fulfillment. We learn that Biopreparat, an ostensibly civilian organization, was established to manage a top secret program, code-named Ferment, whose objective was to apply genetic engineering to develop strains of pathogenic agents that had never existed in nature. Leitenberg and Zilinskas consider the performance of the U.S. intelligence community in discovering and assessing these activities, and they examine in detail the crucial years 1985 to 1992, when Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to put an end to the program were thwarted. 606 $aBiological weapons$zSoviet Union$xHistory 606 $aBiological warfare$zSoviet Union$xHistory 606 $aBiological arms control$zSoviet Union$xHistory 615 0$aBiological weapons$xHistory. 615 0$aBiological warfare$xHistory. 615 0$aBiological arms control$xHistory. 676 $a358/.3882094709045 700 $aLeitenberg$b Milton$0128271 701 $aZilinskas$b Raymond A$0311421 701 $aKuhn$b Jens H$01619663 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910825123003321 996 $aThe Soviet biological weapons program$93952035 997 $aUNINA