LEADER 03881nam 22008174a 450 001 9910823904003321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1107133513 010 $a1280159685 010 $a0511120559 010 $a0511042469 010 $a0511148852 010 $a0511493592 010 $a0511306040 010 $a051104559X 035 $a(CKB)1000000000007235 035 $a(EBL)202201 035 $a(OCoLC)437063445 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000244892 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11217653 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000244892 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10176293 035 $a(PQKB)10897004 035 $a(UkCbUP)CR9780511493591 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC202201 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL202201 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10063465 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL15968 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000007235 100 $a20020329d2002 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe shadow economy $ean international survey /$fFriedrich Schneider, Dominik H. Enste 205 $aFirst edition. 210 $aCambridge ;$aNew York $cCambridge University Press$d2002 215 $a1 online resource (xiii, 222 pages) $cdigital, PDF file(s) 300 $aTitle from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015). 311 1 $a0521891078 311 1 $a0521814081 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 194-214) and index. 327 $aThe shadow economy: a challenge for economic and social policy -- Defining the shadow economy -- Methods to estimate the size of the shadow economy -- Size of shadow economies around the world -- The size of the shadow economic labour force -- An integrated approach to explain deviant behaviour -- Analysing the causes and measures of economic policy -- Effects of the increasing shadow economy -- The two-pillar strategy -- Conclusion and outlook. 330 $aIllicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. Friedrich Schneider and Dominik H. Enste use currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries. They argue that during the 1990s the average size of a shadow economy varied from 12 per cent of GDP for OECD, to 23 per cent for transition and to 39% for developing countries. They examine the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach explaining deviant behaviour, which combines the findings of economic, sociological and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation, social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities and the decline of the tax morale, are all driving forces behind this growth, especially in OECD-countries. They propose a reform of state institutions to improve the dynamics of the official economy. 606 $aInformal sector (Economics) 606 $aBusiness enterprises$xCorrupt practices 606 $aCommercial crimes 606 $aTax evasion 606 $aNoncitizens 606 $aWelfare fraud 606 $aFraud 606 $aIllegal immigration 615 0$aInformal sector (Economics) 615 0$aBusiness enterprises$xCorrupt practices. 615 0$aCommercial crimes. 615 0$aTax evasion. 615 0$aNoncitizens. 615 0$aWelfare fraud. 615 0$aFraud. 615 0$aIllegal immigration. 676 $a330 700 $aSchneider$b Friedrich$0241913 701 $aEnste$b Dominik$0630274 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910823904003321 996 $aThe shadow economy$94190288 997 $aUNINA