LEADER 04222nam 22005652 450 001 9910823511703321 005 20220906163349.0 010 $a981-4843-56-3 024 7 $a10.1355/9789814843560 035 $a(CKB)4100000008350434 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5775080 035 $a(UkCbUP)CR9789814843560 035 $a(OCoLC)1136172887 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse82717 035 $a(DE-B1597)528530 035 $a(OCoLC)1102806473 035 $a(DE-B1597)9789814843560 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000008350434 100 $a20191218d2019|||| uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aMilitary capitalism in Myanmar $eexamining the origins, continuities and evolution of "Khaki Capital" /$fGerard McCarthy 210 1$aSingapore :$cISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute,$d2019. 215 $a1 online resource (39 pages) $cdigital, PDF file(s) 225 1 $aTrends in Southeast Asia ;$v2019 no. 16 300 $aTitle from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 27 Jan 2020). 311 0 $a981-4843-55-5 327 $tFront matter --$tFOREWORD --$tEXECUTIVE SUMMARY --$tINTRODUCTION --$tORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF MILITARY COMPANIES (1948-2011) --$tPOST-1988 MILITARY CAPITALISM --$tMILITARY CAPITALISM AND POST-2011 PARTIAL CIVILIAN RULE --$tPEACE NEGOTIATIONS AND "CEASEFIRE CAPITALISM" --$tCONCLUSION 330 $aMilitary enterprises, ostensibly set up to feed and supply soldiers, were some of the earliest and largest Burmese commercial conglomerates, established in the 1950s. Union Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (UMEHL) and Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) are two profit-seeking military enterprises established by the military after the dissolution of the Burma Socialist Programme Party in 1988, which remain central players in Myanmar's post-2011 economy. Military conglomerates are a major source of off-budget revenue for the military and a main employer of retired soldiers. Yet few veterans receive more than a small piece of the profits from UMEHL. The vast bulk of formal dividends instead disproportionately benefit higher ranking officers and institutions within the Tatmadaw. Military capitalism entrenches the autonomy of the Tatmadaw from civilian oversight. Despite this, obligatory or semi-coerced contributions from active-duty soldiers are a source of cash flow for UMEHL, effectively constituting a transfer from the government budget to the military's off-budget entities. The most significant source of livelihoods support for most veterans is the service pension dispersed by the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoPF). Despite delivering suboptimal welfare outcomes for most soldiers and veterans while eroding the legitimacy of ceasefires, successive governments since 1988, including Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) administration, have entrenched military capitalism by encouraging commercial activities of armed groups that enter into ceasefire agreements. Extending military pensions already paid by the Ministry of Planning and Finance to retired members of armed groups could deliver a far more consistent and tangible "peace dividend" than the commercial extraction of resources from ceasefire areas. More balanced civil-military relations, and fairer social outcomes for military personnel, will rely on civilian-led state institutions delivering effective and substantive welfare support beyond the commercially oriented welfare arrangements of military conglomerates. 410 0$aTrends in Southeast Asia ;$v2019 no. 16. 606 $aDefense industries$zBurma 606 $aCapitalism$zBurma 606 $aCivil-military relations$zBurma 607 $aBurma$xPolitics and government 607 $aBurma$xArmed Forces 615 0$aDefense industries 615 0$aCapitalism 615 0$aCivil-military relations 676 $a355.8/2/095 700 $aMcCarthy$b Gerard$01641869 712 02$aISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 801 0$bUkCbUP 801 1$bUkCbUP 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910823511703321 996 $aMilitary capitalism in Myanmar$93986240 997 $aUNINA