LEADER 05833nam 2200649 450 001 9910823483103321 005 20211007223002.0 010 $a1-5017-5125-5 010 $a1-60909-091-8 024 7 $a10.7591/9781501751257 035 $a(CKB)3170000000070142 035 $a(EBL)3382596 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001259436 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11857298 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001259436 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11304683 035 $a(PQKB)10439792 035 $a(OCoLC)879551928 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse29630 035 $a(DE-B1597)546141 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781501751257 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3382596 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10950081 035 $a(OCoLC)923311056 035 $a(OCoLC)1132406675 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3382596 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000070142 100 $a20141016h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#---|u||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 12$aA most uncertain crusade $ethe United States, the United Nations, and human rights, 1941-1953 /$fRowland Brucken ; Shaun Allshouse, design 210 1$aDeKalb, Illinois :$cNIU Press,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (450 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 0 $a0-87580-471-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tAcknowledgments --$tIntroduction: The Origins of a Crusade --$t1. Defining a Crusade, 1941?1943 --$t2. Implementing a Vision, 1943?1945 --$t3. A Conservative Revolution Begins, 1945?1948 --$t4. Opposition at Home and at the United Nations, 1948?1951 --$t5. United Nations Success Breeds Failure at Home, 1945?1950 --$t6. The End of a Crusade, 1951?1953 --$tConclusion: The Impact of a Crusade, 1953?2011 --$tNotes --$tBibliography --$tIndex 330 $aA Most Uncertain Crusade traces and analyzes the emergence of human rights as both an international concern and as a controversial domestic issue for U.S. policy makers during and after World War II. Historian Brucken focuses on officials in the State Department, at the United Nations, and within certain domestic non-governmental organizations, and explains why, after issuing wartime declarations that called for the definition and enforcement of international human rights standards, the U.S. government refused to ratify the first U.N. treaties that fulfilled those twin purposes. The Truman and Eisenhower administrations worked to weaken the scope and enforcement mechanisms of early human rights agreements, and gradually withdrew support for Senate ratification. A small but influential group of isolationist?oriented senators, led by John Bricker (R-OH), warned that the treaties would bring about socialism, destroy white supremacy, and eviscerate the Bill of Rights. At the U.N., a growing bloc of developing nations demanded the inclusion of economic guarantees, support for decolonization, and strong enforcement measures, all of which Washington opposed. Prior to World War II, international law considered the protection of individual rights to fall largely under the jurisdiction of national governments. Alarmed by fascist tyranny and guided by a Wilsonian vision of global cooperation in pursuit of human rights, President Roosevelt issued the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. Behind the scenes, the State Department planners carefully considered how an international organization could best protect those guarantees. Their work paid off at the 1945 San Francisco Conference, which vested the U.N. with an unprecedented opportunity to define and protect the human rights of individuals. After two years of negotiations, the U.N. General Assembly unanimously approved its first human rights treaty, the Genocide Convention. The U.N. Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), led by Eleanor Roosevelt, drafted the nonbinding Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Subsequent efforts to craft an enforceable covenant of individual rights, though, bogged down quickly. A deadlock occurred as western nations, communist states, and developing countries disagreed on the inclusion of economic and social guarantees, the right of self-determination, and plans for implementation. Meanwhile, a coalition of groups within the United States doubted the wisdom of American accession to any human rights treaties. Led by the American Bar Association and Senator Bricker, opponents proclaimed that ratification would lead to a U.N. led tyrannical world socialistic government. The backlash caused President Eisenhower to withdraw from the covenant drafting process. Brucken shows how the American human rights policy had come full circle: Eisenhower, like Roosevelt, issued statements that merely celebrated western values of freedom and democracy, criticized human rights records of other countries while at the same time postponed efforts to have the U.N. codify and enforce a list of binding rights due in part to America's own human rights violations. 606 $aHuman rights$zUnited States$xHistory$y20th century 607 $aUnited States$xPolitics and government$y20th century 610 $ahuman rights and US policy, John Bricker, Truman administration, Eisenhower administration, Four Freedoms, Atlantic Charter, Genocide Convention, UN Commission on Human Rights, UNCHR, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 615 0$aHuman rights$xHistory 676 $a341.4/809044 686 $aHIS000000$2bisacsh 700 $aBrucken$b Rowland$01601559 702 $aAllshouse$b Shaun 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910823483103321 996 $aA most uncertain crusade$93925193 997 $aUNINA