LEADER 04220nam 2200649 a 450 001 9910823370703321 005 20230126211006.0 010 $a1-280-59971-5 010 $a9786613629555 010 $a0-231-53024-2 024 7 $a10.7312/efra15814 035 $a(CKB)2670000000187196 035 $a(EBL)909368 035 $a(OCoLC)826476569 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000613170 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12262712 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000613170 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10584803 035 $a(PQKB)10629605 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0000087888 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC909368 035 $a(DE-B1597)458828 035 $a(OCoLC)1002245023 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780231530248 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL909368 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10538085 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL362955 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000187196 100 $a20110527d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aWomen in Iraq $epast meets present /$fNoga Efrati 210 $aNew York $cColumbia University Press$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (257 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-231-15814-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntroduction: the historical setting -- Occupation, monarchy, and customary law: tribalizing women -- Family law as a site of struggle and subordination -- Politics, election law, and exclusion -- Gender discourse and discontent: activism unraveled -- Challenging the government's gender discourse -- Epilogue: past meets present. 330 $aNoga Efrati outlines the first social and political history of women in Iraq during the periods of British occupation and the British-backed Hashimite monarchy (1917-1958). She traces the harsh and long-lasting implications of British state building on Iraqi women, particularly their legal and political enshrinement as second-class citizens, and the struggle by women's rights activists to counter this precedent. Efrati concludes with a discussion of post-Saddam Iraq and the women's associations now claiming their place in government. Finding common threads between these two generations of women, Efrati underscores the organic roots of the current fight for gender equality shaped by a memory of oppression under the monarchy.Efrati revisits the British strategy of efficient rule, largely adopted by the Iraqi government they erected and the consequent gender policy that emerged. The attempt to control Iraq through "authentic leaders"-giving them legal and political powers-marginalized the interests of women and virtually sacrificed their well-being altogether. Iraqi women refused to resign themselves to this fate. From the state's early days, they drew attention to the biases of the Tribal Criminal and Civil Disputes Regulation (TCCDR) and the absence of state intervention in matters of personal status and resisted women's disenfranchisement. Following the coup of 1958, their criticism helped precipitate the dissolution of the TCCDR and the ratification of the Personal Status Law. A new government gender discourse shaped by these past battles arose, yet the U.S.-led invasion of 2003, rather than helping cement women's rights into law, reinstated the British approach. Pressured to secure order and reestablish a pro-Western Iraq, the Americans increasingly turned to the country's "authentic leaders" to maintain control while continuing to marginalize women. Efrati considers Iraqi women's efforts to preserve the progress they have made, utterly defeating the notion that they have been passive witnesses to history. 606 $aWomen$zIraq$xSocial conditions 606 $aFeminism$zIraq$xHistory 606 $aWomen's rights$zIraq$xHistory 615 0$aWomen$xSocial conditions. 615 0$aFeminism$xHistory. 615 0$aWomen's rights$xHistory. 676 $a305.4209567 700 $aEfrati$b Noga$01594484 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910823370703321 996 $aWomen in Iraq$93915030 997 $aUNINA