LEADER 03664nam 2200781Ia 450 001 9910822482303321 005 20230126204044.0 010 $a1-283-00945-5 010 $a9786613009456 010 $a1-56663-917-4 035 $a(CKB)2550000000031106 035 $a(EBL)662263 035 $a(OCoLC)705539073 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000471571 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11297802 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000471571 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10417453 035 $a(PQKB)11363076 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC662263 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL662263 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10465516 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL300945 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000031106 100 $a20101014d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 12$aA nation within a nation $eorganizing African-American communities before the Civil War /$fJohn Ernest 210 $aChicago $cIvan R. Dee, Inc.$dc2011 215 $a1 online resource (229 p.) 225 1 $aAmerican Ways Series 300 $aIncludes index. 311 $a1-56663-807-0 327 $aContents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1. Cities on the Hill: Organizing Communities; Chapter 2. Mutual Interest, Mutual Benefit, Mutual Relief; Chapter 3. "Plain and Simple Gospel"; Chapter 4. "The United Wisdom of the World"; Chapter 5. "The Collected Wisdom of Our People"; Chapter 6. Breaking "The Chains of Ignorance"; Chapter 8. Postscript; A Note on Sources; Index; About the Author 330 $aJohn Ernest offers a comprehensive survey of the broad-ranging and influential African American organizations and networks formed in the North in the late eighteenth century through the end of the Civil War. He examines fraternal organizations, churches, conventions, mutual aid benefit and literary societies, educational organizations, newspapers, and magazines. Ernest argues these organizations demonstrate how African Americans self-definition was not solely determined by slavery as they tried to create organizations in the hope of creating a community.