LEADER 00816nam0 2200241 450 001 000012683 005 20081021094549.0 100 $a20080611d1968----km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $aeng 102 $aUS$aGB 105 $ay-------001yy 200 1 $aPrinciples of statistical decision making$fDennis J. Aigner 210 $aNew York$cMacmillan$aLondon$cCollier-Macmillan$dc1968 215 $aXII, 145 p.$d24 cm 225 2 $aMacmillan decision series 410 0$12001$aMacmillan decision series 500 10$aPrinciples of statistical decision making$m$935762 700 1$aAigner,$bDennis J.$0565486 801 0$aIT$bUNIPARTHENOPE$c20080611$gRICA$2UNIMARC 912 $a000012683 951 $a215/28$b83/L/CNR$cNAVA2 996 $aPrinciples of statistical decision making$935762 997 $aUNIPARTHENOPE LEADER 06354nam 22008052 450 001 9910819396403321 005 20151005020621.0 010 $a1-107-21809-8 010 $a1-139-15241-6 010 $a1-283-34215-4 010 $a1-139-15979-8 010 $a9786613342157 010 $a1-139-16079-6 010 $a1-139-15874-0 010 $a1-139-15523-7 010 $a1-139-15698-5 010 $a0-511-97528-7 035 $a(CKB)2550000000061507 035 $a(EBL)807163 035 $a(OCoLC)769342279 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000554812 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11377655 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000554812 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10517101 035 $a(PQKB)10045594 035 $a(UkCbUP)CR9780511975288 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC807163 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL807163 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10514151 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL334215 035 $a(PPN)261372564 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000061507 100 $a20101011d2011|||| uy| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe grammar of polarity $epragmatics, sensitivity, and the logic of scales /$fMichael Israel$b[electronic resource] 210 1$aCambridge :$cCambridge University Press,$d2011. 215 $a1 online resource (xvii, 292 pages) $cdigital, PDF file(s) 225 1 $aCambridge studies in linguistics ;$v127 300 $aTitle from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015). 311 $a1-316-60644-9 311 $a0-521-79240-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and indexes. 327 $aCover; THE GRAMMAR OF POLARITY; CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN LINGUISTICS; Title; Copyright; The more that I philosophize The more and more I realize That little things which I despise, Like peanut shells and grains of sand, Are very hard, hard to understand.; Contents; Figures; Tables; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; 1 Trivium pursuits; 1.1 As above, so below; 1.2 A quirk of grammar or a trick of thought?; 1.3 The hypothesis: sensitivity as lexical pragmatics; 1.4 Putting pragmatics in its place; 1.5 Pragmatics in a usage-based grammar; 2 Ex nihilo: the grammar of polarity 327 $a2.1 The simplicity of negation2.2 The complexity of polarity; 2.3 The phenomenon of polarity sensitivity; 2.3.1 Polarity items; 2.3.2 Polarity contexts; 2.4 Basic mysteries: three problems of polarity sensitivity; 2.5 Varieties of polarity sensitivity; 2.5.1 Semi-polarity items, sometime polarity items; 2.5.2 Polarity sensitive morphology; 2.5.3 Inherently negative idioms; 2.5.4 Negative concord and the Jespersen cycle; 2.6 The Scalar Model of polarity sensitivity; 3 Licensing and the logic of scalar models; 3.1 What is a polarity context?; 3.2 Fauconnier's insight 327 $a3.3 The natural logic of scalar models3.3.1 Scalar reasoning and scalar implicature; 3.3.2 Cognitive foundations: conceptual scales; 3.3.3 Inferential mechanisms: scalar models; 3.4 Affectivity as a mode of scalar construal; 3.5 Syntactic constraints on scalar construals; 3.5.1 The precedence condition; 3.5.2 Intervention effects; 3.5.3 The paradox of double negation; 3.6 Polarity contexts are mental spaces; 4 Sensitivity as inherent scalar semantics; 4.1 Scalar operators; 4.2 Two scalar properties; 4.3 Four sorts of polarity items; 4.4 Sensitivity and the square of opposition 327 $a4.5 The conspiracy theory of polarity licensing4.6 The anomaly of inverted polarity items; 5 The elements of sensitivity; 5.1 The Informativity Hypothesis; 5.2 Quantitative semantics; 5.3 The pragmatics of informativity; 5.4 Assessing informativity; 5.4.1 Diagnostics of emphasis; 5.4.2 Diagnostics of attenuation; 5.5 Rhetorical coherence in polarity contexts; 5.6 Compositional sensitivities; 6 The scalar lexicon; 6.1 Paradigmatic predictions of the Scalar Model; 6.2 Modal polarity items; 6.3 Connective polarity items; 6.4 Aspectual polarity items; 6.5 The limits of diversity 327 $a7 The family of English indefinite polarity items7.1 The many splendors of any; 7.2 Indefinite family resemblances; 7.3 Emphatic construals of indefinite any; 7.4 The effects of phantom reference; 7.5 Some uses of some; 7.6 The limits of free choice; 7.7 Indefinite conclusions; 8 Polarity and the architecture of grammar; 8.1 High stakes Grammar; 8.2 Terms of the debate; 8.3 The syntactic approach; 8.3.1 Progovac: polarity and binding; 8.3.2 Linebarger: syntax and pragmatics; 8.4 Semantic approaches; 8.4.1 The Monotonicity Thesis; 8.4.2 A hierarchy of negative contexts 327 $a8.4.3 Veridicality and nonveridicality 330 $aMany languages include constructions which are sensitive to the expression of polarity: that is, negative polarity items, which cannot occur in affirmative clauses, and positive polarity items, which cannot occur in negatives. The phenomenon of polarity sensitivity has been an important source of evidence for theories about the mental architecture of grammar over the last fifty years, and to many the oddly dysfunctional sensitivities of polarity items have seemed to support a view of grammar as an encapsulated mental module fundamentally unrelated to other aspects of human cognition or communicative behavior. This book draws on insights from cognitive/functional linguistics and formal semantics to argue that, on the contrary, the grammar of sensitivity is grounded in a very general human cognitive ability to form categories and draw inferences based on scalar alternatives, and in the ways this ability is deployed for rhetorical effects in ordinary interpersonal communication. 410 0$aCambridge studies in linguistics ;$v127. 606 $aPolarity (Linguistics) 606 $aGrammar, Comparative and general$xNegatives 606 $aGrammar, Comparative and general$xSyntax 606 $aSemantics 615 0$aPolarity (Linguistics) 615 0$aGrammar, Comparative and general$xNegatives. 615 0$aGrammar, Comparative and general$xSyntax. 615 0$aSemantics. 676 $a415 700 $aIsrael$b Michael$f1965-$01680731 801 0$bUkCbUP 801 1$bUkCbUP 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910819396403321 996 $aThe grammar of polarity$94049619 997 $aUNINA