LEADER 05822nam 2200793 450 001 9910819116303321 005 20210916150215.0 010 $a1-118-44867-7 010 $a1-282-65431-4 010 $a1-78034-233-0 010 $a9786612654312 010 $a1-118-44866-9 010 $a1-4443-3160-4 010 $a1-4443-2404-7 010 $a1-4443-2405-5 035 $a(CKB)2670000000031900 035 $a(EBL)547199 035 $a(OCoLC)657621904 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000419173 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11929537 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000419173 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10381442 035 $a(PQKB)11274392 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC547199 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4035461 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4035461 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11110441 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL265431 035 $a(OCoLC)927508167 035 $a(PPN)19157290X 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000031900 100 $a20160107h20132013 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 04$aThe handbook of computational linguistics and natural language processing /$fedited by Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and Shalom Lappin 210 1$aWest Sussex, England :$cWiley-Blackwell,$d2013. 210 4$dİ2013 215 $a1 online resource (801 p.) 225 1 $aBlackwell Handbooks in Linguistics 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-118-34718-8 311 $a1-4051-5581-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and indexes. 327 $aThe Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Notes on Contributors; Preface; Introduction; Part I Formal Foundations; 1 Formal Language Theory; 1 Introduction; 2 Basic Notions; 3 Language Classes and Linguistic Formalisms; 4 Regular Languages; 5 Context-Free Languages; 6 The Chomsky Hierarchy; 7 Mildly Context-Sensitive Languages; 8 Further Reading; 2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language; 1 A Brief Review of Complexity Theory; 2 Parsing and Recognition; 3 Complexity and Semantics 327 $a4 Determining Logical Relationships between Sentences3 Statistical Language Modeling; 1 Introduction to Statistical Language Modeling; 2 Structured Language Model; 3 Speech Recognition Lattice Rescoring Using the Structured Language Model; 4 Richer Syntactic Dependencies; 5 Comparison with Other Approaches; 6 Conclusion; 4 Theory of Parsing; 1 Introduction; 2 Context-Free Grammars and Recognition; 3 Context-Free Parsing; 4 Probabilistic Parsing; 5 Lexicalized Context-Free Grammars; 6 Dependency Grammars; 7 Tree Adjoining Grammars; 8 Translation; 9 Further Reading; Part II Current Methods 327 $a5 Maximum Entropy Models1 Introduction; 2 Maximum Entropy and Exponential Distributions; 3 Parameter Estimation; 4 Regularization; 5 Model Applications; 6 Prospects; 6 Memory-Based Learning; 1 Introduction; 2 Memory-Based Language Processing; 3 NLP Applications; 4 Exemplar-Based Computational Psycholinguistics; 5 Generalization and Abstraction; 6 Generalizing Examples; 7 Further Reading; 7 Decision Trees; 1 NLP and Classification; 2 Induction of Decision Trees; 3 NLP Applications; 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Decision Trees; 5 Further Reading 327 $a8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction1 Overview; 2 Computational Learning Theory; 3 Empirical Learning; 4 Unsupervised Grammar Induction and Human Language Acquisition; 5 Conclusion; 9 Artificial Neural Networks; 1 Introduction; 2 Background; 3 Contemporary Research; 4 Further Reading; 10 Linguistic Annotation; 1 Introduction; 2 Review of Selected Annotation Schemes; 3 The Annotation Process; 4 Conclusion; 11 Evaluation of NLP Systems; 1 Introduction; 2 Fundamental Concepts; 3 Evaluation Paradigms in Common Evaluation Settings; 4 Case Study: Evaluation of Word-Sense Disambiguation 327 $a5 Case Study: Evaluation of Question Answering Systems6 Summary; Part III Domains of Application; 12 Speech Recognition; 1 Introduction; 2 Acoustic Modeling; 3 Search; 4 Case Study: The AMI System; 5 Current Topics; 6 Conclusions; 13 Statistical Parsing; 1 Introduction; 2 History; 3 Generative Parsing Models; 4 Discriminative Parsing Models; 5 Transition-Based Approaches; 6 Statistical Parsing with CCG; 7 Other Work; 8 Conclusion; 14 Segmentation and Morphology; 1 Introduction; 2 Unsupervised Learning of Words; 3 Unsupervised Learning of Morphology; 4 Implementing Computational Morphologies 327 $a5 Conclusions 330 $aThis comprehensive reference work provides an overview of the concepts, methodologies, and applications in computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP). Features contributions by the top researchers in the field, reflecting the work that is driving the discipline forwardIncludes an introduction to the major theoretical issues in these fields, as well as the central engineering applications that the work has producedPresents the major developments in an accessible way, explaining the close connection between scientific understanding of the computational proper 410 0$aBlackwell handbooks in linguistics. 606 $aComputational linguistics 606 $aNatural language processing (Computer science) 615 0$aComputational linguistics. 615 0$aNatural language processing (Computer science) 676 $a410/.285 702 $aClark$b Alexander 702 $aFox$b Chris 702 $aLappin$b Shalom 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910819116303321 996 $aHandbook of computational linguistics and natural language processing$91576881 997 $aUNINA