LEADER 02439nam 2200457 450 001 9910817957703321 005 20201022052256.0 010 $a90-04-43073-3 024 7 $a10.1163/9789004430730 035 $a(CKB)4100000011324977 035 $z(OCoLC)1158580740 035 $a(nllekb)BRILL9789004430730 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6247803 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011324977 100 $a20201022d2020 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurun| uuuua 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aLiberal quakerism in America in the long nineteenth century, 1790-1920 /$fby Thomas D. Hamm 210 1$aLeiden, Netherlands ;$aBoston :$cBrill,$d[2020] 210 4$dİ2020 215 $a1 online resource 225 1 $aBrill research perspectives 311 $a90-04-43072-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Matter -- Copyright page -- Liberal Quakerism in America in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1790-1920. 330 $aThomas D. Hamm (Earlham College) argues that a self-conscious, liberal Quakerism emerged in North America between 1790 and 1920. It had three characteristics. The first was a commitment to liberty of conscience. The second was pronounced doubts about orthodox beliefs, such as the divinity of Christ. Finally, liberal Friends saw themselves as holding beliefs fully consistent with early Quakerism. Stirrings appeared as early as the 1790s. Hicksite Friends in the 1820s, although perceiving themselves as traditionalists, manifested all of these characteristics. When other Hicksites took such stances in even more radical directions after 1830, however, bitter divisions ensued. Orthodox Friends were slower to develop liberal thought. It emerged after 1870, as higher education became central to the Gurneyite branch of Orthodox Quakerism, and as some Gurneyites responded to influences in the larger society, and to the changes introduced by the advent of revivalism, by embracing modernist Protestantism. 410 0$aBrill research perspectives. 606 $aQuakers 615 0$aQuakers. 676 $a289.609 700 $aHamm$b Thomas D.$01593230 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910817957703321 996 $aLiberal quakerism in America in the long nineteenth century, 1790-1920$93913264 997 $aUNINA