LEADER 10172nam 2200793 a 450 001 9910817748103321 005 20240416235713.0 010 $a1-280-20400-1 010 $a9786610204007 010 $a0-309-55591-4 010 $a0-585-14501-6 035 $a(CKB)111004366659594 035 $a(OCoLC)44964976 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10062747 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000175338 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11171720 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000175338 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10190139 035 $a(PQKB)11510210 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376913 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376913 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10062747 035 $a(OCoLC)940510396 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111004366659594 100 $a19940426d1994 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aHurricane Hugo $ePuerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989 /$fprepared by: Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Joseph H. Golden ... [et al.] ; South Carolina: Earl J. Baker ... [et al.] ; for Committee on Natural Disasters ... [et al.] 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1994 215 $a1 online resource (296 p.) 225 1 $aNatural disaster studies ;$vv. 6 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-309-04475-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 276). 327 $aHurricane Hugo -- Copyright -- Natural Disaster Studies -- Invitation For Discussion -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS -- SOUTH CAROLINA -- HURRICAN HUGO METEOROLOGY CHRONOLOGY -- HURRICANE HUGO WEATHER ANNOUNCEMENT TIMELINE -- Contents -- LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS AND PUERTO RICO: SEPTEMBER 17-18, 1989 -- Meteorology/Storm History -- Warnings/Evacuations/Emergency Response -- Related Deaths -- Damages -- Physical Processes -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Hurricane Models -- Wind-Speed Data -- Informing Local Media -- Design Criteria -- Emergency Power Supply -- ALERT Rain Gage Network -- Emergency Broadcasts -- Evacuation Efforts and Shelters -- Coastal Zone Management -- SOUTH CAROLINA: SEPTEMBER 19-22, 1989 -- Meteorology -- Warnings and Evacuations -- Coastal Processes -- Related Deaths -- Damage to Buildings and Structures -- Damage to Lifelines -- Damage to Cultural Property -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Forecast Uncertainty -- Wind-Speed Measurement -- Storm-Surge Maps -- Coastal Zone Management -- Schools as Shelters -- Vulnerability of Vital Buildings to Wind Damage -- Lifeline Protection and Backup Power -- Emergency Equipment -- Education and Training About Hurricane-Resistant Construction -- Evacuation from High-Risk Structures -- Storm Insurance -- Protection of Historic Properties -- Recovery Planning -- State Responsibility -- HURRICANE HUGO, SEPTEMBER 17-18, 1989: PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS -- 1 Meteorology -- INTRODUCTION -- AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE -- MESOSCALE VARIATIONS IN STORM AND STRUCTURE -- IMPACTS ON THE ISLANDS -- UNIQUE DATA -- SURFACE-WIND-SPEED OBSERVATIONS -- FORECAST PERFORMANCE -- References -- 2 Hydrology -- INTRODUCTION -- PRECIPITATION -- St. Croix -- St. John and St. Thomas. 327 $aPuerto Rico -- FLOODING -- LANDSLIDES -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 3 Emergency Planning and Response in Puerto Rico -- INTRODUCTION -- OPERATIONS OF THE WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE IN SAN JUAN -- Reasons for WSFO Success/Effectiveness -- U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DECISION-ARC METHODOLOGY -- EVACUATIONS -- FATALITIES AND HOMELESSNESS -- DAMAGE AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS -- COMPARISON OF WSFO AND SLOSH METHODOLOGIES -- DISASTER-RELATED PROGRAMS -- Sheltering -- WATER AND POWER SUPPLIES AFTER HUGO LANDFALL -- El Carraizo Dam -- Autoridad de Energia Electrica -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 4 Surface Wind Speeds and Property Damage -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES OF DATA -- ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WIND SPEEDS -- St. Croix -- St. Thomas -- Vieques -- Culebra -- Puerto Rico -- DESIGN WIND SPEEDS -- U.S. Virgin Islands -- Puerto Rico -- Caribbean Region -- SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM WIND SPEEDS -- PROPERTY DAMAGE -- St. Croix -- St. Thomas -- Vieques -- Culebra -- Puerto Rico -- SUMMARY -- References -- 5 Lifelines -- INTRODUCTION -- ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS -- COMMUNICATIONS -- WATER SUPPLIES -- The Flooding of El Carraizo Pumping Plant -- AIRPORTS -- OTHER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS -- OTHER LIFELINE SYSTEMS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 6 Coastal Processes -- INTRODUCTION -- STORM SURGE AND SHORE PROCESSES -- SHORELINE DESCRIPTIONS -- COMPARISON WITH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SHORELINE -- GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HUGO'S IMPACT -- STORM SURGE, PREDICTED AND OBSERVED -- SAND OVERWASH -- COASTAL FLOODING -- WAVE ATTACK -- DEGRADATION OF RECREATIONAL BEACH RESOURCES -- ''SETTING UP'' THE SHORELINE FOR WINTER STORM DAMAGE -- SOME UNIQUE UNDERSEA WATER DATA NEAR ST. CROIX -- SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- PREDICTION MODELS -- Conclusions. 327 $aRecommendations -- SURFACE-WIND-SPEED DATABASE -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- COMMUNICATION WITH THE NEWS MEDIA -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- WIND MODELS RELATING AIRCRAFT-MEASURED WINDS TO SURFACE WINDS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- ALERT AUTOMATIC RAIN GAGE NETWORK AND BACKUP POWER SUPPLY FOR WATER REGULATORY STRUCTURES -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- EBS NETWORK, SHELTER READINESS, AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RESPONSE -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO IMPROVE BUILDING CODES AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- HURRICANE HUGO, SEPTEMBER 21-22, 1989: SOUTH CAROLINA -- 8 Introduction -- IMMEDIATE POST-STORM ENVIRONMENT -- INSURANCE CLAIMS -- FEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, AND BUSINESSES -- VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS -- FEDERAL ASSISTANCE TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT -- References -- 9 Meteorology -- OVERVIEW -- STORM TRACK -- MOTION AND TRACK FORECAST PERFORMANCE -- INTENSITY PREDICTION -- WIND MEASUREMENTS BY RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT -- ESTIMATION OF SURFACE WINDS USED IN PRELANDFALL ADVISORIES -- LANDFALL OF HURRICANE HUGO -- Radar Structure and Track -- Wind Asymmetries -- Storm Surge -- Local Statements and Data Acquisition -- SURFACE WINDFIELD AT LANDFALL -- Flight-Level Windfield Prior to Landfall -- Surface Data Processing -- Surface-Windfield Analysis at 0400 UTC -- Validation of Public Advisories -- Solutions for the Problem of Sparse Wind Observations -- POSTLANDFALL WINDFIELDS -- Windfield at 0300 EDT (Hugo Near Columbia, South Carolina) -- Windfield at 0600 EDT (Hugo Near Charlotte, Noah Carolina) -- GUST ENVELOPE AND FUJITA'S DAMAGE-DIRECTION ANALYSIS -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Forecast Tools -- Wind Measurement -- Overland Tracking -- References -- 10 Warning and Response. 327 $aINTRODUCTION -- FORECASTS -- PUBLIC RESPONSE -- Evacuation Rates -- Evacuation Timing -- Type of Refuge -- Evacuation Destinations -- USE AND EVALUATION OF EVACUATION -- Surge Maps -- Clearance Times -- Behavioral Assumptions -- Decision Aids -- DECISION MAKING -- References -- 11 Coastal Processes -- INTRODUCTION -- STORM SURGE -- COASTAL EROSION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 12 Water Erosion and Damage to Coastal Structures -- INTRODUCTION -- DAMAGE DESCRIPTIONS -- Seabrook Island -- Folly Beach -- Charleston and Vicinity -- Sullivan's Island and Isle of Palms -- McClellanville and Vicinity -- Northern Coast of South Carolina -- PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT -- Foundations -- Elevation -- Setback -- Appurtenant Structures -- Structural Member Connections -- Coastal Structures -- Seawalls -- Revetments, Groins, and Jetties -- Piers -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- 13 Wind Damage to Buildings and Structures -- INTRODUCTION -- NONENGINEERED BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES -- Signage and Canopies -- MARGINALLY ENGINEERED BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES -- FULLY ENGINEERED STRUCTURES -- Other Structures -- Water Tank -- Light Standards -- Bridge -- Crane -- CODES -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- General -- Nonengineered Buildings and Structures -- Marginally Engineered Buildings and Structures -- Fully Engineered Building and Structures -- 14 Lifelines -- INTRODUCTION -- POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS -- Power Plants and Substations -- Transmission Lines -- Distribution Lines -- TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS -- Roads and Bridges -- Airports -- COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS -- Telephone -- Radio and Television -- WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS -- Water -- Wastewater -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 15 Damage to Cultural Property -- INTRODUCTION -- CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA -- Response -- Libraries, Archives, and Museums -- Landscaping -- RECOMMENDATIONS. 327 $aEPILOGUE -- References. 410 0$aNatural disaster studies ;$vv. 6. 606 $aHurricane Hugo, 1989 606 $aHurricanes$zSouth Carolina 606 $aHurricanes$zPuerto Rico 606 $aHurricanes$zVirgin Islands of the United States 606 $aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects$zPuerto Rico 606 $aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects$zSouth Carolina 606 $aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects$zVirgin Islands of the United States 615 0$aHurricane Hugo, 1989. 615 0$aHurricanes 615 0$aHurricanes 615 0$aHurricanes 615 0$aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects 615 0$aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects 615 0$aBuildings$xNatural disaster effects 676 $a363.3/492 701 $aGolden$b Joseph H$01594680 701 $aBaker$b Earl J$01594681 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommittee on Natural Disasters. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910817748103321 996 $aHurricane Hugo$93915295 997 $aUNINA