LEADER 06887nam 2200649 a 450 001 9910817567803321 005 20240416234923.0 010 $a1-280-19613-0 010 $a9786610196135 010 $a0-309-59841-9 010 $a0-585-07705-3 035 $a(CKB)110986584753396 035 $a(OCoLC)44963890 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056953 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000199979 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11171807 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000199979 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10196582 035 $a(PQKB)10181984 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376677 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376677 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10056953 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL19613 035 $a(OCoLC)923265310 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584753396 100 $a19931221d1993 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aMeasuring lead exposure in infants, children, and other sensitive populations /$fCommittee on Measuring Lead in Critical Populations, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1993 215 $a1 online resource (355 p.) 300 $aCommittee chairman: Bruce A. Fowler. 300 $aProject was supported by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Trust Fund through cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services. 311 $a0-309-04927-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aMeasuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- Copyright -- Other Recent Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- Executive Summary -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE AND STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- Sensitive Populations -- Quantitative Methods for Analysis -- Exposure -- Sources and Accumulation -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Sensitive Populations -- Quantitative Methods for Analysis -- Exposure -- Sources and Accumulation -- Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations -- 1 Introduction -- PERSPECTIVE ON ISSUES -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- Beginning of Public-Health Interest in Lead -- History of U.S. Childhood Lead-Screening Programs -- Sensitive Populations -- SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMITTEE REPORT -- 2 Adverse Health Effects of Exposure to Lead -- CLINICAL INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN -- Central Nervous System Effects -- Renal Effects -- Hematologic Effects -- INTOXICATION IN ADULTS -- Central Nervous System and Other Neuropathic Effects -- Renal Effects -- Hematologic Effects -- REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS -- Reproductive and Early Developmental Toxicity -- Cognitive and Other Neurobehavioral Effects -- Prospective Longitudinal Studies -- Cross-sectional and Retrospective Studies -- CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS -- Hypertension and Pregnancy -- Animal Models of Lead and Blood Pressure -- Population-Based Epidemiology Studies -- MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY -- Effects on Heme Biosynthesis and Erythropoiesis -- Effects on Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism -- Carcinogensis -- Nephropathy -- SUMMARY -- 3 Lead Exposure of Sensitive Populations -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD CONTAMINATION -- SOURCE-SPECIFIC LEAD EXPOSURE OF SENSITIVE POPULATIONS. 327 $aLead in Paint -- Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations -- General Characteristics of Exposure -- Scope of the Problem -- Lead in Air -- Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations -- General Characteristics of Exposure -- Scope of the Problem -- Lead in Dust and Soil -- Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations -- General Characteristics of Exposure -- Scope of the Problem -- Lead in Drinking Water -- Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations -- General Characteristics of Exposure -- Scope of the Problem -- Lead in the Diet -- Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations -- Characteristics of General Exposure -- Scope of the Problem -- SUMMARY -- 4 Biologic Markers of Lead Toxicity -- BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EXPOSURE -- Lead Absorption -- Lead Distribution -- Lead Retention and Excretion -- Interactions of Lead with Nutrients -- Mathematical Models -- Linear Models -- Nonlinear Models -- Biologic Monitoring -- Whole Blood -- Plasma -- Teeth -- Bone -- Milk -- Placenta -- Chelatable and Urinary Lead -- BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EFFECT -- Markers Based on Disturbance of Heme Synthesis -- Markers of Other Biologic Systems -- Relevance of Current Markers of Effect for Low-Dose Exposures -- Potential Markers of Effect -- Enzyme Systems -- Lead-Binding Proteins -- Metabolites -- Identification of Toxicity Mechanisms -- Inhibition of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Formation -- Impairment of Heme Synthesis -- BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY -- SUMMARY -- 5 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Lead -- INTRODUCTION -- SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING -- MEASUREMENT OF LEAD IN SPECIFIC TISSUES -- Whole Blood -- Plasma -- Urine -- Teeth -- Milk -- Placenta -- MASS SPECTROMETRY -- Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectrometry -- Lead Isotopic Composition in the Identification of Lead Sources -- Stable Lead Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Studies. 327 $aInductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -- Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry -- Glow-Discharge Mass Spectrometry -- Laser-Microprobe Mass Spectrometry -- ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY -- ANODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY AND OTHER ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS -- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY -- THE CALCIUM-DISODIUM EDTA PROVOCATION TEST -- X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENT -- Dosimetry -- Volume Sampled -- Precision -- Accuracy -- Practical XRF Systems -- Validation -- Clinical Uses of X-Ray Fluorescence -- Research Needs -- QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL -- SUMMARY -- 6 Summary and Recommendations -- SOURCES OF LEAD EXPOSURE -- ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF LEAD -- MARKERS OF LEAD EXPOSURE AND EFFECT -- TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE LEAD EXPOSURE AND EARLY TOXIC EFFECTS -- References. 606 $aLead$xToxicology 606 $aLead poisoning in children 615 0$aLead$xToxicology. 615 0$aLead poisoning in children. 676 $a615.9/25688 701 $aFowler$b Bruce A$0309472 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bBoard on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bCommission on Life Sciences. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910817567803321 996 $aMeasuring lead exposure in infants, children, and other sensitive populations$93950543 997 $aUNINA