LEADER 06644nam 2200577Ia 450 001 9910816216203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-61122-344-X 035 $a(CKB)2560000000067703 035 $a(EBL)3018780 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000416866 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11319944 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000416866 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10435899 035 $a(PQKB)10543045 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3018780 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3018780 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10661718 035 $a(OCoLC)847870491 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000067703 100 $a20090725d2010 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aEnergy prices $esupply, demand or speculation? /$fJohn T. Perry, editor 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aNew York $cNova Science Publishers$dc2010 215 $a1 online resource (152 p.) 225 1 $aEnergy policies, politics and prices series 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-60741-374-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntro -- ENERGY PRICES: SUPPLY,DEMANDOR SPECULATION? -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- SPECULATION AND ENERGY PRICES:LEGISLATIVE RESPONSES -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW -- LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS: CLOSING LOOPHOLES -- The Enron Loophole -- The London Loophole -- The Swaps Loophole -- Other Legislative Approaches -- Raising Margins -- Increasing CFTC Resources -- Emergency Actions -- Studies of the Market -- APPENDIX: MECHANICS OF FUTURES CONTRACTS -- The Mechanics of a Futures Contract -- End Notes -- COMMODITY FUTURES TRADINGCOMMISSION:REPORT TO CONGRESSIONAL ADDRESSEES -- Why GAO Did This Study -- What GAO Recommends -- What GAO Found -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- Functions of Futures Markets -- Relationship between Futures and Spot Prices -- Changes in CFTC Oversight Authority and Resource Levels -- SEVERAL FACTORS HAVE CAUSED CHANGES IN THEENERGY MARKETS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING PRICES -- Tight Supply and Rising Demand for Physical EnergyCommodities Contributed to the Increase in Futures and SpotPrices -- The Effects of Relatively High but Falling Volatility and aGrowing Volume of Derivatives Trading on Energy Prices AreUnclear -- CFTC OVERSEES EXCHANGES AND HAS LIMITEDAUTHORITY OVER OTHER DERIVATIVES MARKETS -- CFTC Has General Oversight Authority over FuturesExchanges, but Its Publicly Reported Information on TheseExchanges Has Not Kept Pace with Changing MarketConditions -- CFTC Authority over Exempt Commercial Markets Consists ofEnforcing the Antifraud and Antimanipulation Provisions of theCEA and Administering Certain Reporting Requirements -- Although CFTC Can Enforce Antimanipulation and ApplicableAntifraud Provisions of the CEA in OTC Energy DerivativesMarkets and Exempt Commercial Markets, Views Vary aboutthe Sufficiency of Its Regulatory Authority with Respect to Off-Exchange Energy Derivatives. 327 $aCFTC ENGAGES IN SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES ANDENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, BUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OFTHESE ACTIVITIES IS LARGELY UNCERTAIN -- CFTC Oversight Includes Surveillance of Energy FuturesTrading, but the Full Extent of Follow-up Activities Is Uncertain -- CFTC Oversees Trading on Futures Exchanges -- Actions Taken by CFTC Staff to Inquire about Potential Problems MayNot Always Be Documented -- CFTC Coordinates Its Surveillance and Oversight Activitieswith Others -- CFTC Energy-Related Enforcement Actions Generally InvolvedFalse Reporting and Attempted Manipulation, and EnforcementActions Often Are Coordinated with Other Authorities -- CFTC's Enforcement Program Received a Mixed OMB Ratingbut Lacks Effective Outcome-Based Performance Measures -- CONCLUSIONS -- MATTER FOR CONGRESSIONAL CONSIDERATION -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- List of Congressional Addressees -- APPENDIX I: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: TYPES OF CONTRACTS AND TRANSACTIONSFOR ENERGY COMMODITIES IN THE PHYSICAL ANDFINANCIAL MARKETS -- APPENDIX III: NEW YORK MERCANTILE EXCHANGESURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES -- NYMEX Conducts Surveillance of Both Market and TradingActivities -- NYMEX Uses Information from Surveillance Activities andOther Sources for Enforcement Cases -- APPENDIX IV: COMMODITY FUTURES TRADINGCOMMISSION'S ENERGY-RELATED ENFORCEMENTACTIONS,AUGUST 2001 - SEPTEMBER 2006 -- APPENDIX V: COMMENTS FROM THE COMMODITYFUTURES TRADING COMMISSION -- RELATED GAO PRODUCTS -- End Notes -- REGULATION OF ENERGY DERIVATIVES -- SUMMARY -- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVESREGULATION -- MANIPULATION IN ENERGY MARKETS -- LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS ON DERIVATIVES REGULATION -- End Notes -- COMMODITY FUTURES TRADINGCOMMISSIONTRENDS IN ENERGY DERIVATIVES MARKETSRAISE QUESTIONS ABOUT CFTC'SOVERSIGHT -- Why GAO Did This Study -- What GAO Recommends. 327 $aWhat GAO Found -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND -- SEVERAL FACTORS HAVE CAUSED CHANGES IN THEENERGY MARKETS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING ENERGYPRICES -- Various Changes in the Physical Market Contributed to RisingPrices -- The Effect on Prices of Relatively High but Falling Volatility anda Growing Volume of Trading in Derivatives Is Unclear -- CFTC OVERSEES EXCHANGES AND HAS LIMITEDAUTHORITYOVER OTHER DERIVATIVES MARKETS -- CFTC has General Oversight Authority over FuturesExchanges, but Information on These Exchanges Reported tothe Public Has Not Kept Pace with Changing Market Conditions -- CFTC Authority over Exempt Commercial Markets and OTCMarkets is Limited, and Views Vary about the Sufficiency of ItsRegulatory Authority with Respect to Off-Exchange EnergyDerivatives -- CFTC ENGAGES IN LARGE TRADER REPORTING,SURVEILLANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, BUTTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTIVITIES IS LARGELYUNCERTAIN -- CFTC Oversight Includes Surveillance of Energy FuturesTrading, but the Full Extent of Follow-up Activities Is Uncertain -- CFTC Energy-Related Enforcement Actions Generally involvedAllegations of False Reporting and Attempted Manipulation, butits Program Received a Mixed Rating and Lacks EffectiveOutcome-Based Performance Measures -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX. 410 0$aEnergy policies, politics and prices series. 606 $aFuel$xPrices$xForecasting 606 $aEnergy policy 615 0$aFuel$xPrices$xForecasting. 615 0$aEnergy policy. 676 $a338.2/32 701 $aPerry$b John T$0811254 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910816216203321 996 $aEnergy prices$93986127 997 $aUNINA