LEADER 12889oam 22007815 450 001 9910815285503321 005 20220325190711.0 010 $a1-4648-1710-3 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-1671-0 035 $a(CKB)4940000000616056 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC28927528 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL28927528 035 $a(OCoLC)1283856159 035 $a(The World Bank)22188879 035 $a(US-djbf)22188879 035 $a(EXLCZ)994940000000616056 100 $a20210823d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cn$2rdamedia 183 $anc$2rdacarrier 200 10$aAt Your Service? : $eThe promise of services-led development /$fGaurav Nayyar, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Elwyn Davies 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cThe World Bank,$d2021. 215 $a1 online resource (volumes cm) 311 $a1-4648-1671-9 327 $aFront Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Of Goods and Services: Inside the Black Box -- Introduction -- Services, Jobs, and Economic Transformation -- Scale, Innovation, Spillovers, and Job Creation: Revisiting the "Uniqueness" of Manufacturing -- The Services Sector Is Not Monolithic -- Implications for Inclusion in Lower-Income Countries -- Conclusion -- Annex 1A Classifications of Economic Activities in the Services Sector -- Annex 1B Adapting the McMillan-Rodrik Decomposition to Show Sectoral Reallocation -- Annex 1C Estimating Kaldor's Laws for the Industry Sector, 1995-2018 -- Notes -- References -- 2 Productivity and Jobs in Services: Mind the Gaps -- Introduction -- Services Firms and Their Productivity: Eight Stylized Facts -- Implications for Productivity Growth -- Implications for Job Creation -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A Data Sources -- Annex 2B Alternative Measures of Scale -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight: Bringing Services to the Surface: The Measurement Challenge -- Introduction -- Measuring Outputs -- Measuring Inputs -- Estimating Productivity -- Measuring Trade -- A Fading Border between Manufacturing and Services -- Measurement of Digital Services -- Data Coverage and Access -- The Way Forward -- Notes -- References -- 3 Will Technology Make the Twain Meet? A Changing Productivity-Jobs Dichotomy in Services -- Introduction -- Reduced Dependence on Physical Proximity -- Increased Role of Automation -- The Rise of Intangible Capital -- Implications for Productivity Growth and Job Creation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 Look Before You Leap: Services Before Manufacturing? -- Introduction -- Services and Value Chain Upgrading in Industrialized Countries -- Services Growth without a Manufacturing Core. 327 $aGrowing Importance of Services to a Manufacturing Core -- The Role of Linkages in Expanding Inclusion -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Boosting Productivity to Keep Up the Good Work: Policy Imperatives -- Introduction -- The Policy Agenda: Trade, Technology, Training, and Targeting (the 4Ts) -- Where Countries Stand in the 4Ts Space -- Effects of Variations in Technology and Intersectoral Linkages' Trends across Subsectors on Prioritization in the 4Ts across Countries -- The Way Forward: How to Improve the 4Ts -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 6 Conclusion: In the Service of Development? -- Introduction -- The Promise of Services-Led Development -- A Data Agenda for Services -- Appendix A. Summary Measures for Trade, Technology, Training, and Targeting (the 4Ts) -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Trade in Services: A Tale of Four Modes -- Box 2.1 Informality in the Services Sector -- Box 2.2 COVID-19's Impact on the Services Sector -- Box 3.1 Technological Change and the Rising Demand for Services -- Box 3.2 AI, Jobs, and the Demand for Skills in India's ICT Services Sector -- Box 3.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Digitalization and Remote Delivery -- Box 4.1 The Philippines' Emergence in the Offshore Services Industry -- Box 4.2 Pakistan's ICT Services Boom -- Box 4.3 Geography, Transportation Services, and the Emergence of Logistics Hubs -- Box 5.1 Scaling Up Food Services Retail: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment -- Box 5.2 Beyond Border Restrictions: How Domestic Regulations Affect Potential for Competitiveness -- Box 5.3 India's Software Revolution and the 4Ts -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Much of the Decline in Agriculture's Share of Employment and GDP in LMICs since the 1990s Has Been Offset by Services -- Figure 1.2 Consistently across Regions, Services Have Offset Much of Agriculture's Decline in Share of Employment and GDP in LMICs since the 1990s. 327 $aFigure 1.3 Labor Productivity in Services Has Increased Consistently in LMICs since the 1990s -- Figure 1.4 Labor Productivity Growth in Services Has Matched That in Manufacturing across LMICs in Many Regions since the 1990s, Typically Exceeding That of HICs -- Figure 1.5 Among LMICs in Most Regions, Services Have Contributed More Than Industry to Aggregate Labor Productivity Growth since the 1990s -- Figure 1.6 Services Subsectors Vary in Their Scope for Scale, Innovation, Spillovers, and Low-Skill Jobs -- Figure 1.7 The Most Prominent Mode of Exporting Services Is Establishing "Commercial Presence" Abroad, but "Cross-Border Supply" and "Consumption Abroad" Matter for Some Subsectors -- Figure 1.8 The Skill Intensity, Capital Intensity, Intersectoral Linkage Intensity, and Trade Intensity across Services Subsectors Has Not Changed Dramatically over Time -- Figure 1.9 The Export and Skill Intensity of Services Subsectors in HICs Are Higher Than in LMICs -- Figure 1.10 In LMICs, Commerce, Hospitality, and Transportation Services Rely More on Unskilled Labor, While Financial and Business Services Rely More on Skilled Labor -- Figure 1.11 Lower-Income Countries See More Employment in Low-Skill Services, While Higher-Income Countries See More in Global Innovator Services and Skill-Intensive Social Services -- Figure 1.12 The Inverse Relationship between Low-Skill Services and Per Capita Income Is Driven by Retail Trade -- Figure 1.13 Much of the Increase in the Services Sector's Share of Employment in LMICs since the 1990s Is Attributable to Low-Skill Services -- Figure 1.14 Low-Skill Services Are More Likely Than Global Innovator Services to Employ Informal Workers -- Figure 1.15 The Shares of Female Workers in Low-Skill Commerce and Hospitality Services-and in Global Innovator Services-Typically Exceed the Share in Manufacturing. 327 $aFigure 1.16 The Share of Firms with Majority Female Ownership Is Highest in Low-Skill Retail Services, Especially in the Informal Sector -- Figure 1.17 Labor Productivity Gaps between Lower- and High-Income Countries Tend to Be Wider among Low-Skill Personal, Commerce, and Hospitality Services Compared with Global Innovator Services and Manufacturing -- Figure 1.18 The Shares of Jobs and Wages in Business Services Exports Exceed Those in Manufactured Goods' Exports in Many Large LMICs -- Figure 2.1 Labor Productivity and TFP Vary across Services Subsectors, with Global Innovators Being the Most Productive -- Figure 2.2 Within Services Subsectors, Productivity Is More Varied across More Narrowly Defined Industries -- Figure 2.3 Industry and Firm Characteristics Explain about Half the Variation in Labor Productivity -- Figure 2.4 Services Firms Are Smaller Than Manufacturing Firms across All Income Groups -- Figure 2.5 Commerce and Business Establishments Are the Smallest, While the Average ICT and Manufacturing Establishments Are Close in Size -- Figure B2.1.1 Most Informal Enterprises Operate in Retail Services -- Figure B2.1.2 The Importance of Informality in Services Relative to Manufacturing Is Most Pronounced When Comparing Shares of Employment and Value Added -- Figure 2.6 When Data Are Restricted to Formal Firms, Services Firms Are Smaller Than Manufacturing Firms, on Average, in Both LMICs and HICs -- Figure 2.7 In Services, Smaller Firms Contribute More to Employment and Value Added Than in Manufacturing, but Large Services Firms Still Contribute Significantly -- Figure 2.8 Especially in HICs, Small Services Firms Are Just as Productive as Large Ones -- Figure 2.9 In HICs, the Productivity Benefit of Scaling Up Is Smaller in Services Than in Manufacturing, but in LMICs, Some Services Subsectors Benefit More Than Manufacturing. 327 $aFigure 2.10 With Few Exceptions, Services Rely Less Than Industry on Physical Capital -- Figure 2.11 Dispersion in Labor Productivity Is Higher in Services Than in Manufacturing -- Figure 2.12 Employment Growth during a Firm's Initial Years Tends to Be Lower in Services Than in Manufacturing -- Figure 2.13 Productivity Growth of Services Firms Is Similar to That of Manufacturing Firms -- Figure 2.14 Entry and Exit Play a Larger Role in Job Creation and Destruction in the Services Sector Than in Manufacturing -- Figure 2.15 Among Services Firms, Employment Changes Are Driven More by Entry and Exit Than by Firms' Growth -- Figure 2.16 In Industries with Lower Capital Intensity, Entry Plays a Larger Role in Job Creation -- Figure 2.17 Within-Firm, Between-Firm, and Entry and Exit Are Important Drivers of Productivity Growth in Both Services and Manufacturing -- Figure B2.2.1 Firm Surveys Show That Accommodation, Food Services, and Education Have Been the Hardest-Hit Sectors during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- Figure B2.2.2 Household Surveys Show That, on Average, 38 Percent of Services Workers Stopped Working in 2020 -- Figure 2.18 In Commerce-Related Services, US Firms Have More Establishments per Firm Than Brazilian Firms -- Figure 2.19 Services Are More Likely Than Manufacturers to Be Intensive in ICT Capital -- Figure 2.20 More Productive Services Rely More on Linkages with Other Firms -- Figure 2.21 In Low-Income Countries, Most of the Services Jobs Are in Lower-Productivity Subsectors -- Figure 2.22 Just As in Manufacturing, Firm-Level Productivity in Services Is Closely Related to Wages -- Figure 2.23 Commerce and Hospitality Workers in LMICs Are More Likely to Be in the Lowest Wage Quartile, While Half of Financial and Business Services Workers Are in the Highest Wage Quartile. 327 $aFigure 2.24 In LMICs, Job Quality Is the Highest in Public Administration, Utilities, and Financial and Business Services. 330 3 $aBeen synonymous with development. However, the trend of premature deindustrialization and the spread of automation technologies associated with Industry 4.0 has raised concerns that the development model based on export-led manufacturing seen in East Asia will be harder for hitherto less industrialized countries to replicate in the future. Can services-led development be an alternative? Contrary to conventional wisdom, the features of manufacturing that were considered uniquely conducive for productivity growth - such as international trade, scale economies, inter-sectoral linkages, and innovation - are increasingly shared by the services sector. But services are not monolithic. The twin gains of productivity growth and large-scale job creation for relatively low-skilled workers are less likely to come together in any given services subsector. The promise of services-led development in the future will be strengthened to the extent that technological change reduces the trade-off between productivity and jobs, and growth opportunities in services with potential for high productivity do not depend on a manufacturing base. Considering technological change and linkages between sectors while differentiating across types of services, this book assesses the scope of a services-driven development model and policy directions that maximize its potential--$cProvided by publisher. 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 517 $aAt Your Service? 606 $aDigital Technology 606 $aEconomic Development 606 $aEconomic Growth 606 $aIndustrialization 606 $aJobs 606 $aManufacturing Sector 606 $aProductivity 606 $aServices Sector 606 $aServicification 606 $aStructural change 606 $aStructural transformation 615 4$aDigital Technology 615 4$aEconomic Development 615 4$aEconomic Growth 615 4$aIndustrialization 615 4$aJobs 615 4$aManufacturing Sector 615 4$aProductivity 615 4$aServices Sector 615 4$aServicification 615 4$aStructural change 615 4$aStructural transformation 676 $a338.9 700 $aNayyar$b Gaurav$01609805 701 $aHallward-Driemeier$b Mary$01494918 701 $aDavies$b Elwyn$01609806 801 0$bDLC 801 1$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910815285503321 996 $aAt Your Service?$93937226 997 $aUNINA