LEADER 08725nam 2200589Ia 450 001 9910813939403321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-470-74972-5 010 $a1-282-34955-4 010 $a9786612349553 010 $a0-470-74757-9 035 $a(CKB)24989736100041 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL454369 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10319010 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL234955 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC454369 035 $a(OCoLC)441893144 035 $a(JP-MeL)3000111666 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7103356 035 $a(EXLCZ)9924989736100041 100 $a20090609d2009 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aComputer relaying for power systems /$fArun G. Phadke 205 $a2nd ed. 210 $aHoboken, NJ $cJohn Wiley & Sons$d2009 215 $axviii, 326 p. $cill 300 $aIncludes bibliographies and index 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntro -- Computer Relaying for Power Systems -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Glossary of Acronyms -- 1 Introduction to computer relaying -- 1.1 Development of computer relaying -- 1.2 Historical background -- 1.3 Expected benefits of computer relaying -- 1.3.1 Cost -- 1.3.2 Self-checking and reliability -- 1.3.3 System integration and digital environment -- 1.3.4 Functional flexibility and adaptive relaying -- 1.4 Computer relay architecture -- 1.5 Analog to digital converters -- 1.5.1 Successive approximation ADC -- 1.5.2 Delta-sigma ADC -- 1.6 Anti-aliasing filters -- 1.7 Substation computer hierarchy -- 1.8 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 2 Relaying practices -- 2.1 Introduction to protection systems -- 2.2 Functions of a protection system -- 2.3 Protection of transmission lines -- 2.3.1 Overcurrent relays -- 2.3.2 Directional relays -- 2.3.3 Distance relays -- 2.3.4 Phasor diagrams and R-X diagrams -- 2.3.5 Pilot relaying -- 2.4 Transformer, reactor and generator protection -- 2.4.1 Transformer protection -- 2.4.2 Reactor protection -- 2.4.3 Generator protection -- 2.5 Bus protection -- 2.6 Performance of current and voltage transformers -- 2.6.1 Current transformers -- 2.6.2 Voltage transformers -- 2.6.3 Electronic current and voltage transformers -- 2.7 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 3 Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fourier series -- 3.2.1 Exponential fourier series -- 3.2.2 Sine and cosine fourier series -- 3.2.3 Phasors -- 3.3 Other orthogonal expansions -- 3.3.1 Walsh functions -- 3.4 Fourier transforms -- 3.4.1 Properties of fourier transforms -- 3.5 Use of fourier transforms -- 3.5.1 Sampling -- 3.6 Discrete fourier transform -- 3.7 Introduction to probability and random process. 327 $a3.7.1 Random variables and probability distributions -- 3.7.2 Probability distributions and densities -- 3.7.3 Expectation -- 3.7.4 Jointly distributed random variables -- 3.7.5 Independence -- 3.7.6 Linear estimation -- 3.7.7 Weighted least squares -- 3.8 Random processes -- 3.8.1 Filtering of random processes -- 3.9 Kalman filtering -- 3.10 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 4 Digital filters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Discrete time systems -- 4.2.1 Operations on discrete time sequences -- 4.2.2 Convolution -- 4.3 Discrete time systems -- 4.4 Z Transforms -- 4.4.1 Power series -- 4.4.2 Z Transforms -- 4.4.3 Inverse Z transforms -- 4.4.4 Properties of Z transforms -- 4.4.5 Discrete time fourier transform -- 4.5 Digital filters -- 4.6 Windows and windowing -- 4.7 Linear phase -- 4.8 Approximation - filter synthesis -- 4.9 Wavelets -- 4.10 Elements of artificial intelligence -- 4.10.1 Artificial neural networks -- 4.10.2 Decision trees -- 4.10.3 Agents -- 4.11 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- 5 Transmission line relaying -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sources of error -- 5.3 Relaying as parameter estimation -- 5.3.1 Curve fitting algorithms -- 5.3.2 Fourier algorithms -- 5.3.3 Fourier algorithms with shorter windows -- 5.3.4 Recursive forms -- 5.3.5 Walsh function algorithms -- 5.3.6 Differential-equation algorithms -- 5.3.7 Kalman filter algorithms -- 5.3.8 Removal of the DC offset -- 5.4 Beyond parameter estimation -- 5.4.1 Relay programs based upon fault classification -- 5.5 Symmetrical component distance relay -- 5.5.1 SCDFT -- 5.5.2 Transient monitor -- 5.5.3 Speed reach considerations -- 5.5.4 A relaying program -- 5.6 Newer analytic techniques -- 5.6.1 Wavelet applications -- 5.6.2 Agent applications -- 5.7 Protection of series compensated lines -- 5.8 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 6 Protection of transformers, machines and buses. 327 $a6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Power transformer algorithms -- 6.2.1 Current derived restraints -- 6.2.2 Voltage based restraints -- 6.2.3 Flux restraint -- 6.2.4 A restraint function based on the gap in inrush current -- 6.3 Generator protection -- 6.3.1 Differential protection of stator windings -- 6.3.2 Other generator protection functions -- 6.3.3 Sampling rates locked to system frequency -- 6.4 Motor protection -- 6.5 Digital bus protection -- 6.6 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 7 Hardware organization in integrated systems -- 7.1 The nature of hardware issues -- 7.2 Computers for relaying -- 7.3 The substation environment -- 7.4 Industry environmental standards -- 7.5 Countermeasures against EMI -- 7.6 Supplementary equipment -- 7.6.1 Power supply -- 7.6.2 Auxiliary relays -- 7.6.3 Test switches -- 7.6.4 Interface panel -- 7.7 Redundancy and backup -- 7.8 Servicing, training and maintenance -- 7.9 Summary -- References -- 8 System relaying and control -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Measurement of frequency and phase -- 8.2.1 Least squares estimation of f and df/dt -- 8.3 Sampling clock synchronization -- 8.4 Application of phasor measurements to state estimation -- 8.4.1 WLS estimator involving angle measurements -- 8.4.2 Linear state estimator -- 8.4.3 Partitioned state estimation -- 8.4.4 PMU locations -- 8.5 Phasor measurements in dynamic state estimation -- 8.5.1 State equation -- 8.6 Monitoring -- 8.6.1 Sequence of events analysis -- 8.6.2 Incipient fault detection -- 8.6.3 Breaker health monitoring -- 8.7 Control applications -- 8.8 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 9 Relaying applications of traveling waves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Traveling waves on single-phase lines -- 9.3 Traveling waves on three-phase lines -- 9.3.1 Traveling waves due to faults -- 9.4 Directional wave relay -- 9.5 Traveling wave distance relay. 327 $a9.6 Differential relaying with phasors -- 9.7 Traveling wave differential relays -- 9.8 Fault location -- 9.8.1 Impedance estimation based fault location -- 9.8.2 Fault location based on traveling waves -- 9.9 Other recent developments -- 9.10 Summary -- Problems -- References -- 10 Wide area measurement applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Adaptive relaying -- 10.3 Examples of adaptive relaying -- 10.3.1 Transmission line protection -- 10.3.2 Transformer protection -- 10.3.3 Reclosing -- 10.4 Wide area measurement systems (WAMS) -- 10.5 WAMS architecture -- 10.6 WAMS based protection concepts -- 10.6.1 Adaptive dependability and security -- 10.6.2 Monitoring approach of apparent impedances towards relay characteristics -- 10.6.3 WAMS based out-of-step relaying -- 10.6.4 Supervision of backup zones -- 10.6.5 Intelligent load shedding -- 10.6.6 Adaptive loss-of-field -- 10.6.7 Intelligent islanding -- 10.6.8 System wide integration of SIPS -- 10.6.9 Load shedding and restoration -- 10.7 Summary -- Problems -- References -- Appendix A -- Representative system data -- Transmission lines -- Transformers -- Generators -- Power system -- References -- Appendix B -- Standard sampling rates -- References -- Appendix C -- Conversion between different sampling rates -- References -- Appendix D -- Standard for transient data exchange -- References -- Index. 330 $a"The book will interest both students and professionals. While technical, the book is well-written." (Book News, December 2009). 606 $aElectric power systems$xProtection$xData processing 606 $aProtective relays 615 0$aElectric power systems$xProtection$xData processing. 615 0$aProtective relays. 676 $a621.31/7 686 $a544.6$2njb/09 686 $a621.317$2njb/09 700 $aPhadke$b Arun G$0447980 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910813939403321 996 $aComputer relaying for power systems$94096584 997 $aUNINA