LEADER 06383oam 22012374 450 001 9910812161803321 005 20230807214009.0 010 $a1-61635-822-X 010 $a1-4983-7991-5 035 $a(CKB)3710000000373842 035 $a(EBL)1983706 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1983706 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1983706 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11027499 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL740893 035 $a(OCoLC)905985538 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2015030 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000373842 100 $a20020129d2015 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aEnergy Subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean : $eStocktaking and Policy Challenges /$fGabriel Di Bella, Lawrence Norton, Joseph Ntamatungiro, Sumiko Ogawa, Issouf Samaké, Marika Santoro 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2015. 215 $a1 online resource (80 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4843-6536-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; Executive Summary; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Energy Subsidies: A Global Perspective (Percent of GDP); II. Taking Stock of Energy Subsidies in LAC countries; Tables; 1. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13); 2. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13; 2. Energy Subsidies and Economic Size (Average 2011-13); A. Fuel Subsidies in LAC; 3. Fuel Subsidies and Energy Richness (Average 2011-13); 4.Gasoline and Diesel Prices Including Taxes; 3. Selected Fuel Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LAC; B. Electricity Subsidies in LAC 327 $a4. Selected Electricity Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LACIII. Policy Challenges for LAC Arising from Energy Subsidies; A. Fiscal Costs; 5. Electricity Subsidies and Measures of Electricity Performance (Average 2011-13); 6. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Deficits (Percent of GDP, Average 2011-13); B. Fiscal Transparency; 7. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Revenues (Average 2011-13); C. The Energy Value Chain, SOEs, and Competitiveness; 8. Gasoline and Diesel Prices Net of Taxes; D. External Vulnerabilities; 9. Current Account and Oil Trade Balances 327 $aE. Household Welfare and Income Distribution10. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Spending (Average 2011-13); F. Environmental and other Negative Externalities; IV. How and When to Reform Subsidy Policy? Experience from LAC countries; 11. Fuel Taxation and Negative Externalities (Current Excise Minus Corrective Tax, US/Liter, 2010); A. How to Rationalize Subsidies?; B. When to Rationalize Subsidies?; Annexes; I: Country Groupings; II: Data Sources; III: A Summary of Energy Policies in LAC countries; Boxes; 1. Measuring Fuel Subsidies by the Price-Gap Approach; 2. Measuring Electricity Subsidies 327 $a3. Energy Subsidies and Country Characteristics4. The Petrocaribe Arrangement; References 330 3 $aThe oil price decline creates an opportunity to dismantle energy subsidies, which escalated with high oil prices. This paper assesses energy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean?about 1.8 percent of GDP in 2011?13 (approximately evenly split between fuel and electricity), and about 3.8 percent of GDP including negative externalities. Countries with poorer institutions subsidize more. Energy-rich countries subsidize fuel more, but low-income countries are more likely to subsidize electricity, as are Central America and the Caribbean. Energy subsidies impose fiscal costs, hurting SOEs, competitiveness, and distribution. The paper overviews country experience with subsidy reform, drawing lessons. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2015/030 606 $aNatural resources$zLatin America 606 $aEnergy industries$zLatin America 606 $aFiscal policy$zLatin America 606 $aGovernment business enterprises$zLatin America 606 $aNatural resources$zCaribbean Area 606 $aInvestments: Energy$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aTaxation$2imf 606 $aEnergy: Demand and Supply$2imf 606 $aPrices$2imf 606 $aElectric Utilities$2imf 606 $aTrade Policy$2imf 606 $aInternational Trade Organizations$2imf 606 $aEnergy industries & utilities$2imf 606 $aInvestment & securities$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aEnergy subsidies$2imf 606 $aFuel prices$2imf 606 $aElectricity$2imf 606 $aTariffs$2imf 606 $aOil prices$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aCommodities$2imf 606 $aTaxes$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 606 $aElectric utilities$2imf 606 $aTariff$2imf 607 $aDominican Republic$2imf 615 0$aNatural resources 615 0$aEnergy industries 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aGovernment business enterprises 615 0$aNatural resources 615 7$aInvestments: Energy 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aTaxation 615 7$aEnergy: Demand and Supply 615 7$aPrices 615 7$aElectric Utilities 615 7$aTrade Policy 615 7$aInternational Trade Organizations 615 7$aEnergy industries & utilities 615 7$aInvestment & securities 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aEnergy subsidies 615 7$aFuel prices 615 7$aElectricity 615 7$aTariffs 615 7$aOil prices 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aCommodities 615 7$aTaxes 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 615 7$aElectric utilities 615 7$aTariff 676 $a333.7098 700 $aDi Bella$b Gabriel$01628570 701 $aNorton$b Lawrence$01628571 701 $aNtamatungiro$b Joseph$01628572 701 $aOgawa$b Sumiko$01628573 701 $aSamaké$b Issouf$01136558 701 $aSantoro$b Marika$0146699 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910812161803321 996 $aEnergy Subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean$93965761 997 $aUNINA