LEADER 09732nam 2200709Ia 450 001 9910811950303321 005 20240416235336.0 010 $a1-280-21423-6 010 $a9786610214235 010 $a0-309-53597-2 010 $a0-585-14903-8 035 $a(CKB)110986584750914 035 $a(OCoLC)70773027 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10060376 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000183353 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11174790 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000183353 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10195825 035 $a(PQKB)10020703 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3376809 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3376809 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10060376 035 $a(OCoLC)923266246 035 $a(EXLCZ)99110986584750914 100 $a19900302d1989 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aInvesting in research $ea proposal to strengthen the agricultural, food, and environmental system /$fBoard on Agriculture, National Research Council 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cNational Academy Press$d1989 215 $a1 online resource (167 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-309-04127-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 153-155). 327 $aInvesting in Research -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Investing in Research -- 1 Executive Summary -- URGENCY FOR CHANGE -- Competitiveness -- Human Health and Well-Being -- Natural Resources and the Environment -- New Knowledge -- THE PROPOSAL -- An Expanded Public Investment -- Program Areas and Scientific Scope -- Grant Types -- Attention to Multidisciplinary Research -- Strengthening Institutions and Human Resources -- Size and Duration of Support -- RATIONALE FOR THE PROPOSAL -- A Federal Initiative -- A 500 Million Increase -- Support with New Money -- The Central Role of USDA -- Competitive Grants -- FISCAL REALITIES -- Trade-Offs -- Redirection within the USDA Research Budget -- Reinvesting Subsidy Savings -- Federal Investment -- Investing Now -- CONCLUSION -- 2 The Proposal -- AN EXPANDED PUBLIC INVESTMENT -- PROGRAM AREAS AND SCIENTIFIC SCOPE -- TYPES OF GRANTS -- ATTENTION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- STRENGTHEN INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES -- SIZE AND DURATION OF SUPPORT -- NOTES -- 3 Rationale for the Proposal -- A FEDERAL INITIATIVE -- State Sector -- Private Sector -- Level of Effort -- Prospects for Growth -- Focus of Private Sector R& -- D -- Diffusion of R& -- D Results -- Federal Sector -- A 500 MILLION INCREASE -- Investing in Agriculture -- Adequacy of Funding -- Size and Duration of Grants -- Number and Size of Grants by Type -- Availability of Scientists -- SUPPORT WITH NEW MONEY -- Consequences of the Lack of R& -- D Growth -- State-Federal Partnership -- Fiscal Realities -- Trade-Offs -- Redirection within the USDA Research Budget -- Investment of Subsidy Savings -- Investment Using Non-USDA Funds -- Investment Now -- A CENTRAL ROLE FOR USDA -- Linkages with ARS -- Linkages with State Agricultural Experiment Stations -- Linkages with the Cooperative Extension Service. 327 $aLinkages with Other Federal Agencies -- THE ROLE OF COMPETITIVE GRANTS -- Federal R& -- D Funding Mechanisms -- Intramural Funding -- Formula Funding -- Special Grants -- Competitive Grants -- FY 1988 Distribution of Funds -- The Advantages of Competitive Grants -- Responsiveness and Flexibility -- Talent and Openness -- Balance among Funding Mechanisms -- ATTENTION TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- STRENGTHEN INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES -- NOTE -- 4 Challenges Facing the Research System -- COMPETITIVENESS AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE -- International Agricultural Trade and Markets -- Policy Context -- Issues -- National Economic Performance -- Needing and Using Policy -- Developing New Uses and Markets for Agricultural and Forest Products -- Developing Value-Added Products -- Reducing Producer and Processor Costs -- Challenges -- HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING -- Designing Food Products for Improved Health -- Challenges -- Food Safety -- Pestecide Residues -- Challenges -- Microbiological Contamination -- Challenges -- Risk Assessment and Management -- Challenges -- NATURAL RESOURCES STEWARDSHIP -- Water Quality and Quantity -- Challenges -- Challenges -- Soil Resources -- Challenges -- Global Atmospheric Change -- Challenges -- Biological and Genetic Diversity -- Challenges -- Ecosystem Structure and Function -- Challenges -- Pests and Pesticides -- Challenges -- Waste Management -- Challenges -- 5 Program Areas and Scientific Opportunities -- PROGRAM AREAS -- PLANT SYSTEMS -- Genetics and Diversity -- Plant Developmental Biology -- Energy, Carbon Metabolism, and Minerals -- Plant and Pest Interactions -- Ecology and Plant Populations -- Waste Management -- Plant Production Economics -- ANIMAL SYSTEMS -- Cellular Growth and Development -- Genetics and Reproduction -- Molecular Basis of Disease -- Uses of Animal Wastes. 327 $aAnimal Production Systems and Economics -- NUTRITION, FOOD QUALITY, AND HEALTH -- New Dimensions of Nutritional and Food Sciences -- Food Contaminants and Microbial Hazards -- Food Biotechnology -- Designing Foods for Optimal Nutrition and Safety -- Quality Specifications, Processing, and Health -- Packaging and Distribution Methods -- NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- Water Quality and Water Management -- Quality and Productivity of Soils and Land Use -- Effect of Environment on Agricultural Productivity -- Atmospheric and Climatic Change -- Biological and Genetic Diversity -- Forests, Rangelands, and Wildlife -- Development of a Land Ethic -- ENGINEERING, PRODUCTS, AND PROCESS -- Water Quality and Management -- Sensors -- Computing and Information Management -- Bioengineering -- Bioprocessing -- Innovation in Equipment Manufacturing -- Production Efficiency and Resource Conservation -- MARKETS, TRADE, AND POLICY -- Markets and Trade -- Technological Innovation and Value-Added Products -- Economic Performance -- Rural Development -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROGRAM AREAS AND RECOGNIZED PRIORITIES -- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SIX MAJOR PROGRAM AREAS, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES, AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES -- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET PRIORITIES -- Responding to USDA's Missions -- Strengthening the Science and Technology Infrastructure -- Targeting National Priorities -- Supporting Major Science and Technology Initiatives -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Institutional and Administrative Issues -- PROGRAM'S LOCATION IN USDA -- Option I: Major Unit within the Office of Science and Education -- Option II: Retention within the Cooperative State Research Service -- Option III: Creation of a Separate Institute -- PROGRAM TRANSITIONS -- Program Planning and Advisory Committees -- The Peer Review Process -- Administrative Changes. 327 $aNEED TO MANAGE FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUCCESS -- PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY -- Appendixes -- A Public and Private Sector Programs and Funding Trends -- Federal R& -- D Expenditures by Agency and Area of Science -- Research Shares by Area of Science -- U.S. Department of Agriculture Expenditure Levels, Trends, and Priorities -- Major Shifts in USDA Budget Priorities -- Overview of the Publicly Funded R& -- D System -- Agricultural Research Service -- Economic Research Service -- U.S. Forest Service -- State Agricultural Experiment Stations -- Competitive Research Grants Office -- Extension Service -- Combined USDA Funding Trends -- Higher Education Activities in USDA -- B Private Sector Research Activities and Prospects -- Private R& -- D Support By Area Of Technology -- Trends In Public And Private Sector Research Focus -- Private Sector Capacity To Increase R& -- D -- Pesticide Industry -- Seed Industry -- Fertilizer Industry -- Machinery -- Livestock Industry -- Veterinary Services -- Factors Influencing Private Sector R& -- D -- Corporate Consolidation -- C Setting and Acting Upon Budget Priorities -- Current Priority-Setting Mechanisms -- Congressional Budget Actions -- Specificity of Program Guidance by the U.S. Congress Through the Appropriations Process -- D Statements of Program Objectives and Funding Response -- Agricultural Research Service -- Joint Council for Food and Agricultural Sciences -- Users Advisory Board -- Agency Budget Recommendations -- Agricultural Research Service -- Cooperative State Research Service -- Economic Research Service -- Extension Service -- U.S. Forest Service -- Human Nutrition Information Service -- National Agricultural Research Committee -- A Review of the Impact of Priority-Setting Mechanisms on Budget Allocations -- References. 606 $aAgriculture$xResearch grants$zUnited States 606 $aFood$xResearch grants$zUnited States 606 $aNatural resources$xManagement$xResearch grants$zUnited States 606 $aAgriculture$xResearch$zUnited States$xFinance 606 $aFood$xResearch$zUnited States$xFinance 606 $aNatural resources$xManagement$xResearch$zUnited States$xFinance 615 0$aAgriculture$xResearch grants 615 0$aFood$xResearch grants 615 0$aNatural resources$xManagement$xResearch grants 615 0$aAgriculture$xResearch$xFinance. 615 0$aFood$xResearch$xFinance. 615 0$aNatural resources$xManagement$xResearch$xFinance. 676 $a630/.7973 712 02$aNational Research Council (U.S.).$bBoard on Agriculture. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910811950303321 996 $aInvesting in research$94077477 997 $aUNINA