LEADER 04613nam 22006134a 450 001 9910810772203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-280-63060-4 010 $a9786610630608 010 $a0-08-045446-1 035 $a(CKB)1000000000364651 035 $a(EBL)269876 035 $a(OCoLC)469387514 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000266734 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11217124 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000266734 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10304957 035 $a(PQKB)11289440 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC269876 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL269876 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10138166 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL63060 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000364651 100 $a20050316d2005 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aVariation /$fedited by Benedikt Hallgrimsson, Brian Hall 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aAmsterdam ;$aBoston $cElsevier Academic Press$dc2005 215 $a1 online resource (594 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-12-088777-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aVariation; Variation; CONTENTS; Variation and Variability: Central Concepts in Biology; REFERENCES; Variation from Darwin to the Modern Synthesis; INTRODUCTION; I. VARIATION BEFORE DARWIN; II. DARWIN AND VARIATION; III. ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF VARIATION AND EVOLUTION; IV. NEO-DARWINISM; V. THE EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS; VI. CONCLUSIONS; REFERENCES; The Statistics of Variation; ABSTRACT; INTRODUCTION; I. ABSOLUTE VARIATION: UNIVARIATE CASE; II. ABSOLUTE VARIATION: MULTIVARIATE CASE; III. RELATIVE VARIATION: UNIVARIATE CASE; IV. RELATIVE VARIATION: MULTIVARIATE CASE; V. DIMENSIONALITY OF VARIATION 327 $aVI. TIGHTNESSVII. MEASUREMENT ERROR AND SINGLE SPECIMENS; REFERENCES; Landmark Morphometrics and the Analysis of Variation; INTRODUCTION; I. COORDINATE DATA AND THE COORDINATE SYSTEM; II. THE GENERAL PERTURBATION MODEL FOR LANDMARK VARIATION; III. PROPER ELIMINATION OF NUISANCE PARAMETERS USING A COORDINATE SYSTEM INVARIANT METHOD OF ESTIMATION; IV. ADDING ASSUMPTIONS TO THE PERTURBATION MODEL; V. CONCLUSIONS; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; REFERENCES; Variation in Ontogeny; INTRODUCTION; I. MEASURING VARIATION: A CASE STUDY; II. IMPLICATIONS FOR STUDIES OF VARIATION; III. CONCLUSIONS; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 327 $aREFERENCESConstraints on Variation from Genotype through Phenotype to Fitness; INTRODUCTION; I. RNA EVOLUTIONARY MODEL; II. EVOLVING CONSTRAINTS ON VARIATION IN RNA; III. MECHANISTIC CONSTRAINTS; IV. EPISTATIC CONSTRAINTS; V. VIABILITY CONSTRAINTS; VI. MODULARITY: A WAY OUT OF THE CONSTRAINTS; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; REFERENCES; Developmental Origins of Variation; INTRODUCTION; I. DOES INTRINSIC DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION EXIST?; II. INTRINSIC VARIATION IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS; III. POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF INTRINSIC DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION; IV. AN EXAMPLE OF NOISE IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION 327 $aV. NOISY BICOID GENE EXPRESSION IN FRUIT FLIESVI. NOISE IN ASYMMETRY PRODUCTION; VII. NOISY IMPLICATION FOR EVOLUTION; VIII. NETWORKS; IX. MORPHOGENETIC FIELDS: A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF VARIATION; X. IMPLICATIONS; XI. SUMMARY; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; REFERENCES; Canalization, Cryptic Variation, and Developmental Buffering: A Critical Examination and Analytical Perspective; INTRODUCTION; I. A REVIEW OF THE REVIEWS; II. EMPIRICAL CONCERNS FOR THE STUDY OF CANALIZATION; III. DEFINITIONS OF CANALIZATION; IV. REACTION NORM OF THE MEAN (RxNM) DEFINITION OF CANALIZATION 327 $aXV. THE FUTURE FOR STUDIES OF CANALIZATION 330 $aDarwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was based on the observation that there is variation between individuals within the same species. This fundamental observation is a central concept in evolutionary biology. However, variation is only rarely treated directly. It has remained peripheral to the study of mechanisms of evolutionary change. The explosion of knowledge in genetics, developmental biology, and the ongoing synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology has made it possible for us to study the factors that limit, enhance, or structure variation at the level of an 606 $aVariation (Biology) 615 0$aVariation (Biology) 676 $a576.5/4 701 $aHallgrimsson$b Benedikt$00 701 $aHall$b Brian Keith$f1941-$0446538 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910810772203321 996 $aVariation$93995487 997 $aUNINA