LEADER 03988nam 2200637 450 001 9910798663203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-5017-0645-4 010 $a1-5017-0590-3 024 7 $a10.7591/9781501705908 035 $a(CKB)3710000000844333 035 $a(EBL)4673101 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0001599467 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4673101 035 $a(OCoLC)958095019 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse53807 035 $a(DE-B1597)473284 035 $a(OCoLC)979579644 035 $a(OCoLC)980288440 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781501705908 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4673101 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11253957 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL952487 035 $a(PPN)197237266 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000844333 100 $a20160914h20162016 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $2rdacontent 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aUnclear physics $ewhy Iraq and Libya failed to build nuclear weapons /$fMalfrid Braut-Hegghammer 210 1$aIthaca, New York ;$aLondon, [England] :$cCornell University Press,$d2016. 210 4$dİ2016 215 $a1 online resource (289 p.) 225 1 $aCornell Studies in Security Affairs 300 $aIncludes index. 311 $a1-5017-0278-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tContents -- $tIllustrations -- $tAcknowledgments -- $tIntroduction -- $tPart I. Iraq -- $t1. Iraq Explores the Atom, 1956-1973 -- $t2. Ambiguity and Ambition, 1973-1981 -- $t3. Saddam's Nuclear Weapons Program, 1981-1987 -- $t4. Crises and a Crash Program, 1988-1991 -- $tPart II. Libya -- $t5. Searching for Uranium in Libya, 1951-1973 -- $t6. Cultural Revolution and Nuclear Power, 1973-1981 -- $t7. Nuclear Weapons Remain Elusive, 1982-1989 -- $t8. Sanctions, Centrifuges, and Exit, 1989-2003 -- $tConclusion -- $tNotes -- $tIndex 330 $aMany authoritarian leaders want nuclear weapons, but few manage to acquire them. Autocrats seeking nuclear weapons fail in different ways and to varying degrees-Iraq almost managed it; Libya did not come close. In Unclear Physics, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer compares the two failed nuclear weapons programs, showing that state capacity played a crucial role in the trajectory and outcomes of both projects. Braut-Hegghammer draws on a rich set of new primary sources, collected during years of research in archives, fieldwork across the Middle East, and interviews with scientists and decision makers from both states. She gained access to documents and individuals that no other researcher has been able to consult. Her book tells the story of the Iraqi and Libyan programs from their origins in the late 1950s and 1960s until their dismantling.This book reveals contemporary perspectives from scientists and regime officials on the opportunities and challenges facing each project. Many of the findings challenge the conventional wisdom about clandestine weapons programs in closed authoritarian states and their prospects of success or failure. Braut-Hegghammer suggests that scholars and analysts ought to pay closer attention to how state capacity affects nuclear weapons programs in other authoritarian regimes, both in terms of questioning the actual control these leaders have over their nuclear weapons programs and the capability of their scientists to solve complex technical challenges. 410 0$aCornell studies in security affairs. 606 $aNuclear weapons$xPolitical aspects$zIraq 606 $aNuclear weapons$xPolitical aspects$zLibya 615 0$aNuclear weapons$xPolitical aspects 615 0$aNuclear weapons$xPolitical aspects 676 $a623.4511909567 700 $aBraut-Hegghammer$b Ma?lfrid$01187357 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910798663203321 996 $aUnclear physics$93671226 997 $aUNINA