LEADER 05278nam 2200613 450 001 9910797243303321 005 20230120002224.0 010 $a0-12-419956-9 035 $a(CKB)3710000000431000 035 $a(EBL)2071156 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001538344 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11878742 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001538344 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11526032 035 $a(PQKB)10895351 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC2071156 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL2071156 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11066327 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL801324 035 $a(OCoLC)911179264 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000431000 100 $a20150628h20152015 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aInterpreting biomedical science $eexperiment, evidence, and belief /$fU?lo Maiva?li 210 1$aLondon, England ;$aSan Diego, California :$cAcademic Press, an imprint of Elsevier,$d2015. 210 4$dİ2015 215 $a1 online resource (416 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-12-418689-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aFront Cover; Interpreting Biomedical Science: Experiment, Evidence, and Belief; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Introduction; Science Made Easy; Did the Greeks Get their Math Right but their Science Wrong?; The Scientific Revolution; Deduction and Induction as Two Approaches to Scientific Inference; References; I. What Is at Stake: The Skeptical Argument; 1 Do We Need a Science of Science?; 1.1 Are We Living in the Golden Age of Science?; 1.2 R&D and the Cost of Medicine; 1.3 The Efficiency of Drug Discovery; 1.4 Factors that Endanger the Quality of Medical Evidence 327 $a1.5 The Stability of Evidence-Based Medical Practices1.6 Reproducibility of Basic Biomedical Science; 1.6.1 Genome-Wide Association Studies; 1.6.2 Microarray Studies; 1.6.3 Proteomics; 1.6.4 Small Science; 1.7 Is Reproducibility a Good Criterion of Quality of Research?; 1.8 Is Biomedical Science Self-Correcting?; 1.9 Do We Need a Science of Science?; References; 2 The Basis of Knowledge: Causality and Truth; 2.1 Scientific Realism and Truth; 2.2 Hume's Gambit; 2.3 Kant's Solution; 2.4 Why Induction Is Poor Deduction; 2.5 Popper's Solution; 2.6 Why Deduction Is Poor Induction 327 $a2.7 Does Lung Cancer Cause Smoking?2.8 Correlation, Concordance, and Regression; 2.8.1 Correlation; 2.8.2 Concordance; 2.8.3 Regression; 2.9 From Correlation to Causation; 2.10 From Experiment to Causation; 2.11 Is Causality a Scientific Concept?; References; II. The Method; 3 Study Design; 3.1 Why Do Experiments?; 3.2 Population and Sample; 3.3 Regression to the Mean; 3.4 Why Repeat an Experiment?; 3.5 Technical Versus Biological Replication of Experiments; 3.6 Experimental Controls; 3.6.1 Example 1. Negative Controls; 3.6.2 Example 2. Normalization Controls 327 $a3.6.3 Example 3. Controlling the Controls3.7 Multiplicities; 3.8 Conclusion: How to Design an Experiment; References; 4 Data and Evidence; 4.1 Looking at Data; 4.2 Modeling Data; 4.3 What Is Probability?; 4.3.1 Bayesian Probability; 4.3.2 Frequentist Probability; 4.3.3 Propensity Theory of Probability; 4.4 Assumptions Behind Frequentist Statistical Tests; 4.5 The Null Hypothesis; 4.6 The P value; 4.6.1 What the P Value Is Not; 4.7 Neyman-Pearson Hypothesis Testing; 4.8 Multiple Testing in the Context of NPHT; 4.9 P Value as a Measure of Evidence; 4.10 The "Error Bars" 327 $a4.11 Likelihood as an Unbiased Measure of Evidence4.12 Conclusion: Ideologies Behind Some Methods of Statistical Inference; References; 5 Truth and Belief; 5.1 From Long-Run Error Probabilities to Degrees of Belief; 5.2 Bayes Theorem: What Makes a Rational Being?; 5.3 Testing in the Infinite Hypothesis Space: Bayesian Parameter Estimation; 5.4 All Against All: Bayesianism Versus Frequentism Versus Likelihoodism; 5.5 Bayesianism as a Philosophy; 5.6 Bayesianism and the Progress of Science; 5.7 Conclusion to Part II; References; III. The Big Picture; 6 Interpretation 327 $a6.1 Hypothesis Testing at Small Samples 330 $a Interpreting Biomedical Science: Experiment, Evidence, and Belief discusses what can go wrong in biological science, providing an unbiased view and cohesive understanding of scientific methods, statistics, data interpretation, and scientific ethics that are illustrated with practical examples and real-life applications. Casting a wide net, the reader is exposed to scientific problems and solutions through informed perspectives from history, philosophy, sociology, and the social psychology of science. The book shows the differences and similarities between disciplines and different eras 606 $aMedicine$xResearch$xMethodology 606 $aMedical sciences$xResearch 615 0$aMedicine$xResearch$xMethodology. 615 0$aMedical sciences$xResearch. 676 $a610.72 700 $aMaiva?li$b U?lo$01484050 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910797243303321 996 $aInterpreting biomedical science$93702555 997 $aUNINA