LEADER 02759oam 22003975 450 001 9910794081603321 005 20221215203331.0 010 $a1-4648-1451-1 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-1450-1 035 $a(CKB)4100000010564458 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6128232 035 $a(The World Bank)211450 035 $a(US-djbf)211450 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000010564458 100 $a20020129d2020 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aConvergence : $eFive Critical Steps toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cThe World Bank,$d2020. 215 $a1 online resource (236 pages) 311 $a1-4648-1450-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 330 3 $aPolicy makers across the Middle East and North Africa have for many years articulated plans to integrate their people spatially and economically. Wishing to bring communities together and narrow economic gaps, governments have made large capital investments in transport corridors and "new cities"? Hoping to provide jobs in places with little economic activity, governments have designated new industrial zones supported by spatially targeted business incentives.Yet the results of these place-based initiatives in MENA are limited. The disparities between capital cities and lagging areas, and between richer and poorer quarters of cities, remain stark. Across much of the region, a fortunate few are connected to opportunity, while many more people are marginal to the formal economy-or live outside it, seemingly forgotten. Why have place-based spatial initiatives in MENA countries largely underdelivered, not yielding more sustainable jobs and growth? Although the challenges are many and vary across the region, this book explains that many of these place-based policies get one thing wrong: they attempt to treat inequity's spatial and physical symptoms, not its causes.This book presents the five roots causes of spatial inequity in institutional inefficiencies across MENA-urban regulatory frictions, credentialist education systems, centralized control over local public services, barriers to the spatial mobility of goods and people, and barriers to market entry and lopsided business environments-within cities, within countries, and across national borders. 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 606 $aEconomic development$zMiddle East 615 0$aEconomic development 676 $a338.956 801 0$bDJBF 801 1$bDJBF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910794081603321 996 $aConvergence$92007456 997 $aUNINA