LEADER 04277oam 22009734 450 001 9910788238403321 005 20230721045623.0 010 $a1-4623-7598-7 010 $a1-4527-1780-X 010 $a1-4518-6977-0 010 $a9786612840715 010 $a1-282-84071-1 035 $a(CKB)3170000000055023 035 $a(EBL)1607868 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000943985 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11559067 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000943985 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10983250 035 $a(PQKB)11326098 035 $a(OCoLC)276785198 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607868 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2008117 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000055023 100 $a20020129d2008 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCalculating Sustainable Non-mineral Balances as Benchmarks for Fiscal Policy : $eThe Case of Botswana /$fJens Clausen 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2008. 215 $a1 online resource (17 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 225 0$aIMF working paper ;$vWP/08/117 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4519-1431-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; I. Introduction; II. Fiscal Policy in Resource-Rich Countries:; A. International Experience; B. The Permanent Income Hypothesis; C. Mathematical Representation of How to Calculate Benchmarks; III. The Case of Botswana; A. Background; B. Calculating Sustainable Non-mineral Balances for Botswana; Figures; 1 Botswana: Mineral Revenues, Annuity, and Asset Accumulation; Table; 1. Botswana: Fiscal Sustainability Benchmarks; C. Sensitivity Analysis; 2. Botswana: Sensitivity Analysis for Benchmarked Balances; 3. Botswana: Mineral Revenues, Annuity, and Asset Accumulation; IV. Conclusions 327 $aReferences 330 3 $aAssuming a social welfare function that smoothes expenditure, this paper calculates a sustainability benchmark for the non-mineral balance in Botswana that is based on a notion of a "permanent income" from non-renewable resources. It is derived by constructing a hypothetical annuity from revenues from these resources, which is held constant in terms of GDP. Botswana is an interesting case because current projections suggest that diamond resources could be largely exhausted within a generation. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2008/117 606 $aFiscal policy$zBotswana 606 $aRevenue$zBotswana 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aNatural Resources$2imf 606 $aNonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General$2imf 606 $aFiscal Policy$2imf 606 $aPersonal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions$2imf 606 $aAgricultural and Natural Resource Economics$2imf 606 $aEnvironmental and Ecological Economics: General$2imf 606 $aEnvironmental management$2imf 606 $aNon-renewable resources$2imf 606 $aFiscal policy$2imf 606 $aFiscal stance$2imf 606 $aPersonal income$2imf 606 $aNatural resources$2imf 606 $aIncome$2imf 607 $aBotswana$xEconomic conditions$y1966- 607 $aBotswana$2imf 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aRevenue 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aNatural Resources 615 7$aNonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General 615 7$aFiscal Policy 615 7$aPersonal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions 615 7$aAgricultural and Natural Resource Economics 615 7$aEnvironmental and Ecological Economics: General 615 7$aEnvironmental management 615 7$aNon-renewable resources 615 7$aFiscal policy 615 7$aFiscal stance 615 7$aPersonal income 615 7$aNatural resources 615 7$aIncome 676 $a339.09689709049 700 $aClausen$b Jens$01485210 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788238403321 996 $aCalculating Sustainable Non-mineral Balances as Benchmarks for Fiscal Policy$93704213 997 $aUNINA LEADER 09683nam 2201969Ia 450 001 9910789921303321 005 20230126205115.0 010 $a1-280-49433-6 010 $a9786613589569 010 $a1-4008-4191-7 024 7 $a10.1515/9781400841912 035 $a(CKB)2670000000174936 035 $a(EBL)889039 035 $a(OCoLC)845244261 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000681909 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11447394 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000681909 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10663677 035 $a(PQKB)10585924 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC889039 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0000406895 035 $a(OCoLC)787867385 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse43341 035 $a(DE-B1597)453806 035 $a(OCoLC)979629533 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781400841912 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL889039 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10554429 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL358956 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000174936 100 $a20120201d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 14$aThe unheavenly chorus$b[electronic resource] $eunequal political voice and the broken promise of American democracy /$fKay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, Henry E. Brady 205 $aCourse Book 210 $aPrinceton ;$aOxford $cPrinceton University Press$dc2012 215 $a1 online resource (726 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-691-15986-6 311 $a0-691-15484-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter --$tContents --$tList of Figures --$tList of Tables --$tPreface --$tAcknowledgments --$t1. Introduction: Democracy and Political Voice --$tPart I. Th inking about Inequality and Political Voice --$t2. The (Ambivalent) Tradition of Equality in America --$t3. The Context: Growing Economic Inequality and Weakening Unions --$t4. Equal Voice and the Dilemmas of Democracy --$t5. Does Unequal Political Voice Matter? --$t6. The Persistence of Unequal Voice --$t7. Unequal at the Starting Line: The Intergenerational Persistence of Political Inequality --$t8. Political Participation over the Life Cycle --$t9. Political Activism and Electoral Democracy: Perspectives on Economic Inequality and Political Polarization --$tPart III. Inequality of Political Voice and Organized Interest Activity --$t10. Political Voice through Organized Interests: Introductory Matters --$t11. Who Sings in the Heavenly Chorus? The Shape of the Organized Interest System --$t12. The Changing Pressure Community --$t13. Beyond Organizational Categories --$t14. Political Voice through Organized Interest Activity --$tPart IV. Can We Change the Accent of the Unheavenly Chorus? --$t15. Breaking the Pattern through Political Recruitment --$t16. Weapon of the Strong? Participatory Inequality and the Internet --$t17. What, if Anything, Is to Be Done? --$t18. Conclusion: Equal Voice and the Promise of American Democracy --$tAppendixes --$tAppendix A: Equality and the State and U.S. Constitutions --$tAppendix B: The Persistence of Political and Nonpolitical Activity --$tAppendix C: The Intergenerational Transmission of Political Participation --$tAppendix D: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects --$tAppendix E: The Washington Representatives Database --$tAppendix F: Additional Tables --$tAppendix G: Do Online and Offline Political Activists Differ from One Another? --$tIndex 330 $aPolitically active individuals and organizations make huge investments of time, energy, and money to influence everything from election outcomes to congressional subcommittee hearings to local school politics, while other groups and individual citizens seem woefully underrepresented in our political system. The Unheavenly Chorus is the most comprehensive and systematic examination of political voice in America ever undertaken--and its findings are sobering. The Unheavenly Chorus is the first book to look at the political participation of individual citizens alongside the political advocacy of thousands of organized interests--membership associations such as unions, professional associations, trade associations, and citizens groups, as well as organizations like corporations, hospitals, and universities. Drawing on numerous in-depth surveys of members of the public as well as the largest database of interest organizations ever created--representing more than thirty-five thousand organizations over a twenty-five-year period--this book conclusively demonstrates that American democracy is marred by deeply ingrained and persistent class-based political inequality. The well educated and affluent are active in many ways to make their voices heard, while the less advantaged are not. This book reveals how the political voices of organized interests are even less representative than those of individuals, how political advantage is handed down across generations, how recruitment to political activity perpetuates and exaggerates existing biases, how political voice on the Internet replicates these inequalities--and more. In a true democracy, the preferences and needs of all citizens deserve equal consideration. Yet equal consideration is only possible with equal citizen voice. The Unheavenly Chorus reveals how far we really are from the democratic ideal and how hard it would be to attain it. 606 $aPolitical participation$zUnited States 606 $aEquality$zUnited States 606 $aPressure groups$zUnited States 606 $aDemocracy$zUnited States 610 $aANES panel studies. 610 $aAmerica. 610 $aAmerican civic culture. 610 $aAmerican democracy. 610 $aInternet. 610 $aSupreme Court decisions. 610 $aWashington pressure community. 610 $aWashington representation. 610 $aadvantaged. 610 $aage groups. 610 $aage. 610 $abusiness interests. 610 $aclass bias. 610 $aclass differences. 610 $aclass inequalities. 610 $aclass inequality. 610 $acohort effects. 610 $acreative participation. 610 $ademocracy. 610 $ademocratic dilemma. 610 $ademocratic governance. 610 $adifferential voice. 610 $adisadvantaged. 610 $aeconomic inequality. 610 $aeconomic interests. 610 $aeducated parents. 610 $aeducational attainment. 610 $aegalitarians. 610 $aelections. 610 $aelectoral democracy. 610 $aempirical analysis. 610 $aequal consideration. 610 $aequal political voice. 610 $aequal voice. 610 $aequality. 610 $afamily background. 610 $afederal constitution. 610 $afree rider problem. 610 $ahome politics. 610 $ainequalities. 610 $alife-cycle effects. 610 $amaterial well-being. 610 $amedian voter model. 610 $anational politics. 610 $anonvoters. 610 $aorganizational activity. 610 $aorganized interest activity. 610 $aorganized interest influence. 610 $aorganized interest politics. 610 $aorganized interest representation. 610 $aorganized interest system. 610 $aorganized interests. 610 $aorganized representation. 610 $aparental education. 610 $aparticipatory advantage. 610 $aparticipatory inequalities. 610 $aparticipatory patterns. 610 $apolicy benefits. 610 $apolitical activism. 610 $apolitical activity. 610 $apolitical advantage. 610 $apolitical conflict. 610 $apolitical division. 610 $apolitical inactivity. 610 $apolitical inequality. 610 $apolitical involvement. 610 $apolitical organizations. 610 $apolitical outcomes. 610 $apolitical participation. 610 $apolitical polarization. 610 $apolitical processes. 610 $apolitical recruitment. 610 $apolitical voice. 610 $apressure community. 610 $apressure politics. 610 $apressure system. 610 $apublic officials. 610 $apublic opinion. 610 $apublic policy. 610 $arational prospecting. 610 $aresource constraint. 610 $aresource constraints. 610 $aresource deprived. 610 $aresource disadvantaged. 610 $asocial class. 610 $asocial processes. 610 $asocio-economic status. 610 $asocio-economic stratification. 610 $astate constitutions. 610 $astrategic considerations. 610 $asurvey data. 610 $asurveys. 610 $asystematic empirical data. 610 $atrade-offs. 610 $aunequal political voice. 610 $aunion membership. 610 $avoluntary associations. 610 $avoters. 610 $avoting power. 610 $avoting strength. 610 $avoting. 610 $awebsites. 615 0$aPolitical participation 615 0$aEquality 615 0$aPressure groups 615 0$aDemocracy 676 $a323/.0420973 700 $aSchlozman$b Kay Lehman$f1946-$01511689 701 $aVerba$b Sidney$0119953 701 $aBrady$b Henry E$01473408 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910789921303321 996 $aThe unheavenly chorus$93824083 997 $aUNINA