LEADER 05412nam 2200925 a 450 001 9910788584203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-8122-4375-7 010 $a1-283-89697-4 010 $a0-8122-0572-3 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812205725 035 $a(CKB)3240000000064742 035 $a(OCoLC)847550599 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10642666 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000631054 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11390400 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000631054 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10591318 035 $a(PQKB)11180039 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000810434 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12357072 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000810434 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10828250 035 $a(PQKB)11564267 035 $a(DE-B1597)449472 035 $a(OCoLC)1013941230 035 $a(OCoLC)979756380 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812205725 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3441914 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10642666 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL420947 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3441914 035 $a(EXLCZ)993240000000064742 100 $a20110628d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 13$aAn army of lions$b[electronic resource] $ethe civil rights struggle before the NAACP /$fShawn Leigh Alexander 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$dc2012 215 $a1 online resource (408 p.) 225 0 $aPolitics and Culture in Modern America 225 0$aPolitics and culture in modern America 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-8122-2244-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAceldama and the black response -- "Stand their ground on this civil rights business" -- Interregnum and resurrection -- Not just "a bubble in soap water" -- To awaken the conscience of America -- Invasion of the Tuskegee machine -- An army of mice or an army of lions? -- "It is strike now or never. 330 $aIn January 1890, journalist T. Thomas Fortune stood before a delegation of African American activists in Chicago and declared, "We know our rights and have the courage to defend them," as together they formed the Afro-American League, the nation's first national civil rights organization. Over the next two decades, Fortune and his fellow activists organized, agitated, and, in the process, created the foundation for the modern civil rights movement.An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP traces the history of this first generation of activists and the organizations they formed to give the most comprehensive account of black America's struggle for civil rights from the end of Reconstruction to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Here a host of leaders neglected by posterity-Bishop Alexander Walters, Mary Church Terrell, Jesse Lawson, Lewis G. Jordan, Kelly Miller, George H. White, Frederick McGhee, Archibald Grimké-worked alongside the more familiar figures of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington, who are viewed through a fresh lens.As Jim Crow curtailed modes of political protest and legal redress, members of the Afro-American League and the organizations that formed in its wake-including the Afro-American Council, the Niagara Movement, the Constitution League, and the Committee of Twelve-used propaganda, moral suasion, boycotts, lobbying, electoral office, and the courts, as well as the call for self-defense, to end disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence. In the process, the League and the organizations it spawned provided the ideological and strategic blueprint of the NAACP and the struggle for civil rights in the twentieth century, demonstrating that there was significant and effective agitation during "the age of accommodation." 606 $aAfrican Americans$xCivil rights$xHistory$y19th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$xCivil rights$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aCivil rights movements$xCivil rights$xHistory$y19th century 606 $aCivil rights movements$xCivil rights$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$xPolitics and government$y19th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$xPolitics and government$y20th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$xSocial conditions$yTo 1964 607 $aUnited States$xRace relations$xHistory$y19th century 607 $aUnited States$xRace relations$xHistory$y20th century 610 $aAmerican History. 610 $aAmerican Studies. 610 $aHuman Rights. 610 $aLaw. 610 $aPolitical Science. 610 $aPublic Policy. 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xCivil rights$xHistory 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xCivil rights$xHistory 615 0$aCivil rights movements$xCivil rights$xHistory 615 0$aCivil rights movements$xCivil rights$xHistory 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xPolitics and government 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xPolitics and government 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xSocial conditions 676 $a323.1196/073 700 $aAlexander$b Shawn Leigh$01467640 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788584203321 996 $aAn army of lions$93678373 997 $aUNINA