LEADER 05366nam 2200637 a 450 001 9910788465503321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-84569-776-6 010 $a1-61344-792-2 035 $a(CKB)3190000000024932 035 $a(EBL)1584757 035 $a(OCoLC)867318481 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000746341 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11478559 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000746341 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10862655 035 $a(PQKB)10228991 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1584757 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10654037 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL552627 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1584757 035 $a(EXLCZ)993190000000024932 100 $a20130212d2010 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aBiodiesel science and technology$b[electronic resource] $efrom soil to oil /$fJan C.J. Bart, Natale Palmeri and Stefano Cavallaro 210 $aBoca Raton, Fla. $cCRC Press ;$aOxford $cWoodhead Pub. Ltd.$d2010 215 $a1 online resource (859 p.) 225 1 $aWoodhead Publishing series in energy ;$vno. 7 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-84569-591-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover; Biodiesel scienceand technology: From soil to oil; Copyright; Contents; About the authors; Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy; Preface; 1 Biodiesel as a renewable energy source; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Energy policy; 1.3 Transformation of biomass; 1.4 Global biodiesel development; 1.5 Value chain of biodiesel; 1.6 Bibliography; 1.7 References; 2 Development of non-food agricultural industries for biofuel applications; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Biofuels; 2.3 Biomass potentials and limitations; 2.4 Advanced agroenergy crops; 2.5 Bibliography; 2.6 References 327 $a3 Oleochemical sources: basic science, processing and applications of oils3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Biochemistry of lipid metabolism; 3.3 Modification of vegetable oil quality; 3.4 Industrial use of vegetable oils; 3.5 Unusual fatty acids; 3.6 Oil processing techniques; 3.7 Bibliography; 3.8 References; 4 Vegetable oil formulations for utilisation as biofuels; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Fuel properties of oils and fats; 4.3 Low-viscosity formulations; 4.4 Bibliography; 4.5 References; 5 Feedstocks for biodiesel production; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Global oilseed and oil production 327 $a5.3 Resources for biodiesel production5.4 Main biodiesel crops; 5.5 Minor edible oil crops; 5.6 Fish oils; 5.7 Algae mass culture systems; 5.8 Oleaginous microorganisms; 5.9 Non-edible oilseeds; 5.10 Low-quality feedstocks; 5.11 Bibliography; 5.12 References; 6 Emerging new energy crops for biodiesel production; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Crop selection criteria for biodiesel application; 6.3 Structure and quality parameters for evaluating alternative feedstocks; 6.4 Agronomic potential of underexploited oil crops by region; 6.5 Bibliography; 6.6 References 327 $a7 Transesterification processes for biodiesel production from oils and fats7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Process variables; 7.3 Transesterification kinetics; 7.4 In-situ transesterification; 7.5 Non-catalytic fatty acid alkyl ester production; 7.6 References; 8 Biodiesel catalysis; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Homogeneous alkaline catalysis in biodiesel synthesis; 8.3 Liquid-phase acid catalysis; 8.4 Heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel synthesis; 8.5 Bibliography; 8.6 References; 9 Processes for biodiesel production from unrefined oils and fats; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Fatty acid esterification 327 $a9.3 Transesterification of acidic feedstocks9.4 Jatrodiesel; 9.5 Algal biodiesel; 9.6 Vegetable oil soapstocks for biodiesel application; 9.7 Tall biodiesel; 9.8 Bibliography; 9.9 References; 10 Biocatalytic production of biodiesel; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Enzymatic (trans)esterification; 10.3 Bioplastic-to-biodiesel; 10.4 Bibliography; 10.5 References; 11 Industrial process technology for biodiesel production; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Biodiesel plant design and engineering; 11.3 Selected proprietary transesterification processing technologies; 11.4 Selected biodiesel producers 327 $a11.5 Biodiesel blending techniques 330 $aBiodiesel production is a rapidly advancing field worldwide, with biodiesel fuel increasingly being used in compression ignition (diesel) engines. Biodiesel has been extensively studied and utilised in developed countries, and it is increasingly being introduced in developing countries, especially in regions with high potential for sustainable biodiesel production.Initial sections systematically review feedstock resources and vegetable oil formulations, including the economics of vegetable oil conversion to diesel fuel, with additional coverage of emerging energy crops for biodiesel production 410 0$aWoodhead Publishing in energy ;$vno. 7. 606 $aBiodiesel fuels 615 0$aBiodiesel fuels. 676 $a662.669 700 $aBart$b Jan C. J$0863463 701 $aPalmeri$b Natale$01569254 701 $aCavallaro$b Stefano$01529936 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788465503321 996 $aBiodiesel science and technology$93842008 997 $aUNINA LEADER 07340oam 22012494 450 001 9910787951803321 005 20230803195741.0 010 $a1-4983-2027-9 010 $a1-4983-7442-5 010 $a1-4983-2729-X 035 $a(CKB)2670000000568115 035 $a(EBL)1790718 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001399014 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11896671 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001399014 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11446584 035 $a(PQKB)11645577 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1790718 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1790718 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10933651 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL645401 035 $a(OCoLC)891446767 035 $a(IMF)1COGEE2014001 035 $a(IMF)1COGEA2014001 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000568115 100 $a20020129d2014 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aRepublic of Congo : $eStaff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2014. 215 $a1 online resource (75 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Staff Country Reports 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4983-4717-7 311 $a1-322-14146-0 327 $aCover; CONTENTS; BACKGROUND; RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS; FIGURES; 1. Macroeconomic Developments; BOXES; 1. Congo's Economic Relationship with China; OUTLOOK AND RISKS; 2. Governance and Business Environment; POLICY DISCUSSIONS; A. Strengthening the Fiscal Framework; 2. Public Investment, Debt Sustainability and Savings Tradeoffs; B. Strengthening Public Financial Management; C. Financial Sector Issues; D. Structural Reforms for Inclusive Growth; E. Asset and Liability Management and Other Issues; STAFF APPRAISAL; TABLES; 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2011-19 327 $a2. Medium-Term Balance of Payments, 2011-193. Central Government Operations, 2011-19; 4. Central Government Operations, 2011-19; 5. GFS Statement of the Central Government Operations, 2011-19; 6. Monetary Survey, 2009-14; 7. Banking Sector Financial Soundness Indicators, 2009-13; 8. Millennium Development Goals, 1990-2012; ANNEXES; I. Authorities' Implementation of 2013 Policy Recommendations; II. External Sector Assessment; III. Anchoring Fiscal Policy in the Medium Term; IV. Risk Assessment Matrix; CONTENTS; RELATIONS WITH THE FUND; WORLD BANK-IMF JOINT ACTION PLAN; STATISTICAL ISSUES 327 $aAPPENDIXPress Release 330 3 $aKEY ISSUES Economic context. Growth has been strong, inflation low, and fiscal buffers and international reserves adequate. However, poverty and unemployment remain high, despite large government spending financed from oil revenue. The business climate is among the most challenging and the private credit-to-GDP ratio among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Outlook and Risks. The economy is projected to expand by about 6 percent per annum between 2014 and 2019, as new oil fields come on stream and an ambitious public investment program is implemented to diversify the economy and make growth more inclusive. Oil production is expected to peak in 2017. The medium-term outlook for non-oil growth and poverty reduction hinges on progress addressing deep-seated structural weaknesses and fiscal adjustment. Risks to the outlook relate to oil price volatility and political instability. Policies. Macroeconomic policies should focus on meeting the economy?s social and development needs while mitigating risks to macroeconomic stability in the longer term. ? The growth of government spending should be arrested and the 2014 budget should not be exceeded. Amid spending pressures related to the 2015 Africa Games and the 2016 presidential elections, new fiscal developments should be reflected in a supplementary budget in 2014 to enhance transparency. ? In view of the limited remaining lifetime of oil reserves, a gradual fiscal consolidation should be targeted over the medium-term to safeguard fiscal and debt sustainability. Ongoing efforts to address implementation and absorptive capacity constraints need to be stepped up to maximize the benefits from public investments. ? Consideration should be given to adopt the non-oil primary balance as the fiscal anchor. ? The private sector?s supply response to public infrastructure spending should be maximized through implementation of reforms to improve the business climate, support private investment, and develop the financial sector. ? The pilot project for cash transfers should be well-targeted and monitored to reduce poverty. ? Compliance with reserves pooling requirements would insure the continued smooth operation of the BEAC and the exchange rate peg, which both continue to serve the Republic of Congo well. 410 0$aIMF Staff Country Reports; Country Report ;$vNo. 2014/272 606 $aExports and Imports$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aStatistics$2imf 606 $aTaxation$2imf 606 $aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General$2imf 606 $aDebt$2imf 606 $aDebt Management$2imf 606 $aSovereign Debt$2imf 606 $aInternational Lending and Debt Problems$2imf 606 $aBusiness Taxes and Subsidies$2imf 606 $aFiscal Policy$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aInternational economics$2imf 606 $aEconometrics & economic statistics$2imf 606 $aFinance$2imf 606 $aPublic debt$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aOil, gas and mining taxes$2imf 606 $aExternal debt$2imf 606 $aPublic financial management (PFM)$2imf 606 $aTaxes$2imf 606 $aFiscal stance$2imf 606 $aFiscal policy$2imf 606 $aDebts, Public$2imf 606 $aDebts, External$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 606 $aFinance, Public$2imf 607 $aCongo (Democratic Republic)$xEconomic conditions 607 $aCongo, Democratic Republic of the$2imf 615 7$aExports and Imports 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aStatistics 615 7$aTaxation 615 7$aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General 615 7$aDebt 615 7$aDebt Management 615 7$aSovereign Debt 615 7$aInternational Lending and Debt Problems 615 7$aBusiness Taxes and Subsidies 615 7$aFiscal Policy 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aInternational economics 615 7$aEconometrics & economic statistics 615 7$aFinance 615 7$aPublic debt 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aOil, gas and mining taxes 615 7$aExternal debt 615 7$aPublic financial management (PFM) 615 7$aTaxes 615 7$aFiscal stance 615 7$aFiscal policy 615 7$aDebts, Public 615 7$aDebts, External 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 615 7$aFinance, Public 676 $a309.1675 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910787951803321 996 $aRepublic of Congo$93742110 997 $aUNINA LEADER 01204nam0 22002773i 450 001 MIL0088888 005 20251003044223.0 100 $a19920317d1973 ||||0itac50 ba 101 | $aita 102 $ait 200 1 $aDella associazione in partecipazione$eart. 2549-2554$fGiampaolo De Ferra 210 $aBologna$cN. 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