LEADER 06660oam 22012254 450 001 9910788416703321 005 20230721050856.0 010 $a1-4623-3563-2 010 $a1-4527-4506-4 010 $a1-283-51232-7 010 $a1-4519-1315-X 010 $a9786613824776 035 $a(CKB)3360000000443470 035 $a(EBL)1607687 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000949454 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11545308 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000949454 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10996409 035 $a(PQKB)10987701 035 $a(OCoLC)560672789 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607687 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2007299 035 $a(EXLCZ)993360000000443470 100 $a20020129d2007 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Supply for the G-7 Countries, with Emphasis on Germany /$fJon Strand 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2007. 215 $a1 online resource (37 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $a"December 2007." 300 $aAt head of title: Fiscal Affairs Department. 311 $a1-4518-6862-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 33-35). 327 $aContents; I. Introduction; I. Renewables in Advanced Economies: General Issues; A. Introduction; B. Support to and Supply of Renewables in Major Advanced Countries; Tables; 1. Renewable Energy, More Detailed Source Classification, Major OECD Countries, 2004; Figures; 1. Distributions of Renewable Energy in Major OECD Countries, 2004; C. Public Renewables Support and Carbon Emissions Reductions; 2. Average Cost, Euros Per Ton of CO2 Displaced, When Fossil Fuels Are Replaced with Renewable Energies; D. Biofuels and Their Support in Advanced Economies 327 $a2. Cost-Effectiveness in Carbon Abatement, Different Uses of Biomass3. Production Volumes (thousand tons), and Values of Tax Exemptions (Euro/cents per liter), for Biofuel and Biodiesel in Major European Countries and the United States; 4. Calculated Average Public Support to Bioethanol and Biodiesel in the EU, by Support Category, 2006; 5. Calculated Average Public Support to Bioethanol and Biodiesel in the EU Per Unit of Fossil Fuels Displaced, by Supply Category, 2006; II. Further Aspects of Renewables Policies in Germany; A. Introduction 327 $aB. Renewables for Electricity Generation in Germany6. Overview of Main Renewable Energies, Germany, 2006; 7. Feed in Tariffs by Technology, 2006; 3. Forecast Quantities and Fees of Feed-In Tariffs, by 2012; 8. Supplementary Payments for Electricity Exports to the Grid; C. Policies Affecting Value-Adding Inputs; 4. German Federal Government Support for Basic R&D, 1974-2007; 9. Breakdown of German Federal Government Energy R&D by Research Theme/Ministry 1974-2000; 10. Combined Federal States (La?nder) Support for Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies; D. Biofuels for Transport 327 $aIII. Overall Assessment of Renewables Policies in Advanced CountriesReferences 330 3 $aThis paper discusses structure, impact, costs, and efficiency of renewable energy supply in the eight largest advanced economies (the G-7 plus Spain), with focus on Germany. Renewables production costs are compared to benefits, defined as reductions in net carbon emissions; technological innovation, and increased energy security. The latter part of the paper centers on Germany, the main European producer of non-traditional renewables. We question whether the level of subsidies can be justified, relative to other means to increase energy security and reduce carbon emissions. We also find an excessive emphasis on current productive activity, relative to development of new technologies. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2007/299 606 $aRenewable energy sources$xEconomic aspects$zGroup of Seven countries 606 $aEnergy consumption$xEconomic aspects$zGroup of Seven countries 606 $aRenewable energy sources$xEconomic aspects$zGermany 606 $aEnergy consumption$xEconomic aspects$zGermany 606 $aInvestments: Energy$2imf 606 $aEnvironmental Conservation and Protection$2imf 606 $aNatural Resources$2imf 606 $aEnergy$2imf 606 $aAlternative Energy Sources$2imf 606 $aRenewable Resources and Conservation: General$2imf 606 $aClimate$2imf 606 $aNatural Disasters and Their Management$2imf 606 $aGlobal Warming$2imf 606 $aElectric Utilities$2imf 606 $aNonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General$2imf 606 $aEnvironmental management$2imf 606 $aClimate change$2imf 606 $aInvestment & securities$2imf 606 $aRenewable energy$2imf 606 $aRenewable resources$2imf 606 $aGreenhouse gas emissions$2imf 606 $aElectricity$2imf 606 $aNon-renewable resources$2imf 606 $aRenewable energy sources$2imf 606 $aNatural resources$2imf 606 $aGreenhouse gases$2imf 606 $aElectric utilities$2imf 607 $aUnited States$2imf 615 0$aRenewable energy sources$xEconomic aspects 615 0$aEnergy consumption$xEconomic aspects 615 0$aRenewable energy sources$xEconomic aspects 615 0$aEnergy consumption$xEconomic aspects 615 7$aInvestments: Energy 615 7$aEnvironmental Conservation and Protection 615 7$aNatural Resources 615 7$aEnergy 615 7$aAlternative Energy Sources 615 7$aRenewable Resources and Conservation: General 615 7$aClimate 615 7$aNatural Disasters and Their Management 615 7$aGlobal Warming 615 7$aElectric Utilities 615 7$aNonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General 615 7$aEnvironmental management 615 7$aClimate change 615 7$aInvestment & securities 615 7$aRenewable energy 615 7$aRenewable resources 615 7$aGreenhouse gas emissions 615 7$aElectricity 615 7$aNon-renewable resources 615 7$aRenewable energy sources 615 7$aNatural resources 615 7$aGreenhouse gases 615 7$aElectric utilities 700 $aStrand$b Jon$01546595 712 02$aInternational Monetary Fund.$bFiscal Affairs Dept. 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788416703321 996 $aEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Supply for the G-7 Countries, with Emphasis on Germany$93802303 997 $aUNINA