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100   $a20020129d2006      uf             0
101 0 $aeng
135   $aur|n|---|||||
181   $ctxt
182   $cc
183   $acr
200 10$aHow Does Trade Openness Influence Budget Deficits in Developing Countries? /$fJean-Louis Combes, Tahsin Saadi Sedik
210  1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2006.
215   $a1 online resource (22 p.)
225 1 $aIMF Working Papers
300   $a"January 2006."
300   $a"This paper is forthcoming in the Journal of development studies."--Abstract.
311   $a1-4518-6263-6 
320   $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 17-20).
327   $a""Contents""; ""I. INTRODUCTION""; ""II. THEORETICAL EFFECTS OF TRADE OPENNESS ON BUDGET DEFICITS""; ""III. THE MEASURE OF TERMS OF TRADE INSTABILITY""; ""IV. THE MEASURE OF THE REVEALED TRADE POLICY""; ""V. THE ECONOMETRIC STRATEGY""; ""VI. CONCLUSIONS""; ""APPENDIX I""; ""REFERENCES""
330 3 $aThis paper analyzes the effects of trade openness on budget balances by distinguishing the effects of natural openness from those of trade-policy induced openness. Using the GMMsystem estimator, the econometric analysis focuses on 66 developing countries during 1974-98. The results show that trade openness increases a country's exposure to external shocks regardless of its underlying causes. This reinforces the adverse effects of terms of trade instability on budget balances. However, trade openness also influences budget balances through several other channels: corruption, income inequalities, etc. The paper shows that these additional effects of natural openness and trade-policy induced openness on budget balances go in opposite directions: the former deteriorates budget balances whereas the latter improves them.
410  0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2006/003
606   $aTerms of trade$zDeveloping countries
606   $aBudget$zDeveloping countries
606   $aBudgeting$2imf
606   $aExports and Imports$2imf
606   $aPublic Finance$2imf
606   $aNational Deficit Surplus$2imf
606   $aInternational Economic Order and Integration$2imf
606   $aTrade Policy$2imf
606   $aInternational Trade Organizations$2imf
606   $aNational Budget$2imf
606   $aBudget Systems$2imf
606   $aEmpirical Studies of Trade$2imf
606   $aDebt$2imf
606   $aDebt Management$2imf
606   $aSovereign Debt$2imf
606   $aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General$2imf
606   $aBudgeting & financial management$2imf
606   $aInternational economics$2imf
606   $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf
606   $aBudget planning and preparation$2imf
606   $aTerms of trade$2imf
606   $aTrade policy$2imf
606   $aGovernment debt management$2imf
606   $aExpenditure$2imf
606   $aBudget$2imf
606   $aEconomic policy$2imf
606   $anternational cooperation$2imf
606   $aCommercial policy$2imf
606   $aDebts, Public$2imf
606   $aExpenditures, Public$2imf
607   $aDeveloping countries$xCommercial policy
615  0$aTerms of trade
615  0$aBudget
615  7$aBudgeting
615  7$aExports and Imports
615  7$aPublic Finance
615  7$aNational Deficit Surplus
615  7$aInternational Economic Order and Integration
615  7$aTrade Policy
615  7$aInternational Trade Organizations
615  7$aNational Budget
615  7$aBudget Systems
615  7$aEmpirical Studies of Trade
615  7$aDebt
615  7$aDebt Management
615  7$aSovereign Debt
615  7$aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General
615  7$aBudgeting & financial management
615  7$aInternational economics
615  7$aPublic finance & taxation
615  7$aBudget planning and preparation
615  7$aTerms of trade
615  7$aTrade policy
615  7$aGovernment debt management
615  7$aExpenditure
615  7$aBudget
615  7$aEconomic policy
615  7$anternational cooperation
615  7$aCommercial policy
615  7$aDebts, Public
615  7$aExpenditures, Public
700   $aCombes$b Jean-Louis$0655579
701   $aSaadi Sedik$b Tahsin$01548105
712 02$aInternational Monetary Fund.$bFiscal Affairs Dept.
801  0$bDcWaIMF
906   $aBOOK
912   $a9910788402403321
996   $aHow Does Trade Openness Influence Budget Deficits in Developing Countries$93849995
997   $aUNINA