LEADER 05453nam 2200829Ia 450 001 9910787528503321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-8122-0335-6 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812203356 035 $a(CKB)2670000000418282 035 $a(EBL)3442157 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001054048 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11579293 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001054048 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11125970 035 $a(PQKB)11662576 035 $a(OCoLC)859161019 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse26735 035 $a(DE-B1597)449187 035 $a(OCoLC)1013963003 035 $a(OCoLC)979591868 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812203356 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3442157 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10748583 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3442157 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000418282 100 $a20060712d2006 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aBefore Harlem$b[electronic resource] $ethe Black experience in New York City before World War I /$fMarcy S. Sacks 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$dc2006 215 $a1 online resource (240 p.) 225 0 $aPolitics and culture in modern America 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8122-3961-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tIntroduction --$tChapter 1. The Most Fatally Fascinating Thing in America --$tChapter 2. Purged of the Vicious Classes --$tChapter 3. To Check the Menacing Black Hordes --$tChapter 4. Jobs Are Just Chances --$tChapter 5. The Anxiety of Keeping the Home Together --$tChapter 6. Negro Metropolis --$tNotes --$tIndex --$tAcknowledgments 330 $aIn the years between 1880 and 1915, New York City and its environs underwent a tremendous demographic transformation with the arrival of millions of European immigrants, native whites from the rural countryside, and people of African descent from both the American South and the Caribbean. While all groups faced challenges in their adjustment to the city, hardening racial prejudices set the black experience apart from that of other newcomers. Through encounters with each other, blacks and whites, both together and in opposition, forged the contours of race relations that would affect the city for decades to come. Before Harlem reveals how black migrants and immigrants to New York entered a world far less welcoming than the one they had expected to find. White police officers, urban reformers, and neighbors faced off in a hostile environment that threatened black families in multiple ways. Unlike European immigrants, who typically struggled with low-paying jobs but who often saw their children move up the economic ladder, black people had limited employment opportunities that left them with almost no prospects of upward mobility. Their poverty and the vagaries of a restrictive job market forced unprecedented numbers of black women into the labor force, fundamentally affecting child-rearing practices and marital relationships. Despite hostile conditions, black people nevertheless claimed New York City as their own. Within their neighborhoods and their churches, their night clubs and their fraternal organizations, they forged discrete ethnic, regional, and religious communities. Diverse in their backgrounds, languages, and customs, black New Yorkers cultivated connections to others similar to themselves, forming organizations, support networks, and bonds of friendship with former strangers. In doing so, Marcy S. Sacks argues, they established a dynamic world that eventually sparked the Harlem Renaissance. By the 1920's, Harlem had become both a tragedy and a triumph-undeniably a ghetto replete with problems of poverty, overcrowding, and crime, but also a refuge and a haven, a physical place whose very name became legendary. 410 0$aPolitics and Culture in Modern America 606 $aAfrican Americans$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xSocial conditions$y19th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xSocial conditions$y20th century 606 $aAfrican Americans$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xEconomic conditions 606 $aAfrican American neighborhoods$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xHistory 606 $aInner cities$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xHistory 606 $aCommunity life$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xHistory 606 $aCity and town life$zNew York (State)$zNew York$xHistory 607 $aNew York (N.Y.)$xHistory$y1865-1898 607 $aNew York (N.Y.)$xHistory$y1898-1951 607 $aNew York (N.Y.)$xRace relations 610 $aAfrican Studies. 610 $aAfrican-American Studies. 610 $aAmerican History. 610 $aAmerican Studies. 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xSocial conditions 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xSocial conditions 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xEconomic conditions. 615 0$aAfrican American neighborhoods$xHistory. 615 0$aInner cities$xHistory. 615 0$aCommunity life$xHistory. 615 0$aCity and town life$xHistory. 676 $a305.89607307 700 $aSacks$b Marcy S$01480492 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910787528503321 996 $aBefore Harlem$93697171 997 $aUNINA