LEADER 07779oam 22013214 450 001 9910786481903321 005 20230801225323.0 010 $a1-4755-1307-0 010 $a1-4755-1291-0 035 $a(CKB)2670000000278820 035 $a(EBL)1607021 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1607021 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10627041 035 $a(OCoLC)814296680 035 $a(MiFhGG)5FBD 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607021 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2012248 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2012248 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000278820 100 $a20020129d2012 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aCan Women Save Japan? /$fChad Steinberg, Masato Nakane 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (52 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4755-1308-9 311 $a1-4755-1292-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Demographic Change (1980-2040); 2. Working-age Population Change (1950-2050); 3. Immigration and Female Labor Participation; 4. Real GDP: Policy Scenario with Higher Female Participation; II. Explaining Differences in FLP Rates across OECD Countries; 5. FLP Distribution Across 22 Countries; 6. Difference by Gender in Prime-age Labor Participation Rate; A. Empirical Results: The Role of Demographics; Tables; 1. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic Variables; 7. Demographic Variables and FLP Changes (1970-2007) 327 $aB. Empirical Results Continued: The Role of Policies2. Change Over Time in Number of Children and Education Effects; 8. Ratio of Demographic Variables SDs in 2005 to 1980 SDs; 3. Effects on FLP by One S.D. Change of Each Variable; 9. Marginal Effects of Family Allowance and Tax Wedge; III. Why Is Japan Different?; 10. FLP-MLP Gap vs. Childcare per Child; 11.1 FLP vs. Children per Woman (1980); 11.2 FLP vs. Children per Woman (2008); 12. Children per Woman vs. Childcare per Child (2007); IV. Women to the Rescue: Policies to Raise FLP in Japan; A. Hurdle 1: Employment and Promotion Policies 327 $a13. Female Managers (2009)14. Female Sogoshoku Workers in 2000 and 2008; 15. Gender Gap in Median Wages (2009); B. Hurdle 2: Balancing Family Responsibilities with Work; 16. Female Labor Participation Rate by Age Group (2009); 17. Take-up Rate of Parental Leave (1996-2011); 18. New Mothers' Maternity Leave (2008); 19. Enrollment of Small Children in Formal Childcare (2008); 20. Daycare Capacity and Waitlisted Children (2002-2010); 4. Reasons for Stay Out of Labor Market among Female Labor Force, 2010; 21. Time Dedicated to Childcare by Men; 22. Public Expenditure on Child Support (2005) 327 $aC. Special Issues for Low-Income Households23.1 Institutional Advantages for Spouses by Annual Income; 23.2 Distribution of Female Annual Wage (2007); V. Conclusions; 24. Relative Poverty Rate for Single-Parent Household; Boxes; 1. The Netherlands' Part-Time Economy; 25. Female Labor Participation in Japan and the Netherlands; 26. Female Part-time Employment (2010); 2. Family-Friendly Sweden; 27. Parental and Maternity Leave vs. Compensation (2008); Appendix I. Additional Tables and Figures; 5. Number of Observations in the Dataset (1960-2008); 6. Latest Data Available 327 $a7. Correlation among All Variables8. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic and Policy Variables; 9. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic and Policy Variables including Marriage Rate; 10. Regression of FLP on Demographic and Policy Variables; 11. Effects on FLP by One S.D. Change of Ten-year Average Variables; 28. Scatter Plots of Each Variable in Levels; 29. Scatter Plots of Each Variable in Changes; 30. Scatter Plots of Each Ten-year Mean Variable at Level; 31. Within Variable Explanation; 32. Cross-section Explanation; 33. Cross-section Explanation using Ten-year Average 327 $aAppendix II. Definition and Sources of Data 330 3 $aJapan's potential growth rate is steadily falling with the aging of its population. This paper explores the extent to which raising female labor participation can help slow this trend. Using a cross-country database we find that smaller families, higher female education, and lower marriage rates are associated with much of the rise in women's aggregate participation rates within countries over time, but that policies are likely increasingly important for explaining differences across countries. Raising female participation could provide an important boost to growth, but women face two hurdles in participating in the workforce in Japan. First, few working women start out in career-track positions, and second, many women drop out of the workforce following childbirth. To increase women?s attachment to work Japan should consider policies to reduce the gender gap in career positions and to provide better support for working mothers. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2012/248 606 $aWomen$xEmployment$zJapan 606 $aWomen$zJapan 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aWomen''s Studies'$2imf 606 $aEmployment$2imf 606 $aUnemployment$2imf 606 $aWages$2imf 606 $aIntergenerational Income Distribution$2imf 606 $aAggregate Human Capital$2imf 606 $aAggregate Labor Productivity$2imf 606 $aLabor Economics Policies$2imf 606 $aLabor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure$2imf 606 $aTime Allocation and Labor Supply$2imf 606 $aLabor Discrimination$2imf 606 $aEconomics of Gender$2imf 606 $aNon-labor Discrimination$2imf 606 $aLabor Economics: General$2imf 606 $aEducation: General$2imf 606 $aDemand and Supply of Labor: General$2imf 606 $aGender studies$2imf 606 $awomen & girls$2imf 606 $aLabour$2imf 606 $aincome economics$2imf 606 $aEducation$2imf 606 $aWomen$2imf 606 $aLabor markets$2imf 606 $aGender$2imf 606 $aLabor force$2imf 606 $aLabor economics$2imf 606 $aLabor market$2imf 606 $aEconomic theory$2imf 607 $aJapan$2imf 615 0$aWomen$xEmployment 615 0$aWomen 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aWomen''s Studies' 615 7$aEmployment 615 7$aUnemployment 615 7$aWages 615 7$aIntergenerational Income Distribution 615 7$aAggregate Human Capital 615 7$aAggregate Labor Productivity 615 7$aLabor Economics Policies 615 7$aLabor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure 615 7$aTime Allocation and Labor Supply 615 7$aLabor Discrimination 615 7$aEconomics of Gender 615 7$aNon-labor Discrimination 615 7$aLabor Economics: General 615 7$aEducation: General 615 7$aDemand and Supply of Labor: General 615 7$aGender studies 615 7$awomen & girls 615 7$aLabour 615 7$aincome economics 615 7$aEducation 615 7$aWomen 615 7$aLabor markets 615 7$aGender 615 7$aLabor force 615 7$aLabor economics 615 7$aLabor market 615 7$aEconomic theory 700 $aSteinberg$b Chad$01578632 701 $aNakane$b Masato$01578633 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aVIDEO 912 $a9910786481903321 996 $aCan Women Save Japan$93858206 997 $aUNINA