LEADER 05541oam 22007095 450 001 9910786091003321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-90668-6 010 $a0-8213-9777-X 024 7 $a10.1596/978-0-8213-9776-3 035 $a(CKB)2670000000315611 035 $a(EBL)1109724 035 $a(OCoLC)824117998 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000783356 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12321138 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000783356 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10753299 035 $a(PQKB)11171094 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)16039254 035 $a(PQKB)21312096 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1109724 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10635174 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL421918 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1109724 035 $a(DNLM)101594225 035 $a(US-djbf)17500371 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000315611 100 $a20121017d2013 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 04$aThe global HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs / /$fArin Dutta ... [and others] 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cWorld Bank,$d[2013] 210 4$dcopyright 2013. 215 $apages ;$dcm 225 1 $aDirections in development 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8213-9776-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Boxes; ES.1 Why We Focus on the Four Key Interventions; Tables; ES.1 Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratios (ICER) of Policies Spanning 2012-15, US per Adult HIV Infection Averted; Chapter 1 Background; Introduction-A Situation Update; 1.1 Estimated Numbers of PWID and Regional Prevalence of HIV among PWID, 2010; 1.1 Estimated Numbers of PWID Globally: Sources of Data; Global Coverage of the Four Key Interventions among PWID; 1.2 Numbers Reached by Key Harm Reduction Interventions among PWID Globally: Sources of Data; Map 327 $a1.1 Global Availability of MAT, 2010 Effects of the Four Key Interventions among PWID in the Context of the HIV Epidemic; Evidence for NSP, MAT, and HCT Reducing Risk Behaviors among PWID; Evidence for the Impact of NSP, MAT, ART, and HCT on HIV Incidence among PWID; 1.2 Summary of Evidence for NSP, MAT, and HCT in Reducing Risk Behaviors and HIV Incidence among PWID in LMIC; Organization of this Report; Chapter 2 Methodology; Country Case Studies; Introduction to the Modeling Methodology; 2.1 Target Coverage Levels, from the Technical Guide; Figures 327 $a2.1 Hypothetical "Unmet Need"-Difference between Baseline and Expanded Scenarios (NSP)2.2 Recent Use of Goals for World Bank GHAP Analytical Projects; 2.3 Certain Behavioral Inputs Needed for Goals Modeling Related to PWID; 2.4 PWID-Specific Unit Cost of Interventions per Year (Unless Specified); Modeling the Effect of Scaling Up the Four Key Harm Reduction Interventions; 2.5 Optimistic Impact Matrix of Three Key Harm Reduction Interventions for PWID; 2.6 Conservative Impact Matrix of Three Key Harm Reduction Interventions for PWID 327 $a2.2 Pathways of Synergy and Dependence across the Four Key Harm Reduction Interventions Data; Chapter 3 Ukraine Case Study; Overview of the Epidemic; 3.1 Estimated Relative Contribution of Sexual and PWID-Based Transmission to Overall Non-Vertical HIV Incidence and Sources of Newly Registered HIV Cases, Including HIV-Exposed Infants (Mother-to-Child Transmission); Modeling Analysis; 3.2 Primary Drug for Individuals Presenting for Treatment of Drug Addiction for the First Time; 3.3 HIV-Positive Adults 15-49 Years Old in Ukraine From 1985-2011, as Modeled in Goals 327 $a3.4 PWID Population Estimates in Ukraine from Goals Modeling (Adult PWID 15-49 Years Old) and UN Reference Group Range/Midpoint (All PWID 15-64 Years Old)3.1 Status Quo and Baseline Scenarios for Key Interventions among PWID in Ukraine; Results; 3.2 Expansion Scenario Coverage for the Four Key Interventions among PWID in Ukraine; 3.5 New HIV Infections among PWID in Ukraine-Comparison across Modeled Scenarios; 3.3 Averted HIV Infections Among Adults 15-49 Years Old in Ukraine, by Modeled Scenario; 3.4 Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios, US per Averted Adult Infection, Ukraine; Discussion 327 $a3.6 Overall ICER for Ukraine Scenarios 2012-15: Median, 95 Percent CI 330 $aPeople who inject drugs (PWID) are at higher risk for acquiring HIV infection than the general population in many countries. Injecting drug use is present in 148 countries including a wide array of low and middle income countries where HIV incidence is growing in recent years - even as it declines elsewhere. This study was undertaken as the third of a series of three economic analyses examining the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS in vulnerable populations. Informed by a critical review of epidemiological evidence and the most recent analyses of intervention efficacy, this work modeled the costs 410 0$aDirections in development (Washington, D.C.) 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 606 $aHIV infections$xEpidemiology 606 $aIntravenous drug abuse 615 0$aHIV infections$xEpidemiology. 615 0$aIntravenous drug abuse. 676 $a614.5/99392 701 $aDutta$b Arindam$f1976-$01144252 712 02$aWorld Bank. 801 0$bDNLM/DLC 801 1$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910786091003321 997 $aUNINA