LEADER 05586oam 22011654 450 001 9910779642403321 005 20230802010330.0 010 $a1-4755-7345-6 010 $a1-4755-9735-5 035 $a(CKB)2550000001041548 035 $a(EBL)1607090 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000943241 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11523885 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000943241 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10975476 035 $a(PQKB)11100227 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607090 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1607090 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10661239 035 $a(OCoLC)820489716 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2012285 035 $a(IMF)WPIEA2012285 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001041548 100 $a20020129d2012 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aPension Reforms in Japan /$fKenichiro Kashiwase, Masahiro Nozaki, Kiichi Tokuoka 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (22 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4755-7680-3 311 $a1-4755-4431-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Abstract; Contents; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Japan: Population Aging in Japan and OECD Countries; 2. Japan: Social Security Spending; II. The Pension System and Past Reforms in Japan; 3. Japan: Public Pension System; 4. Japan: NP and EPI Pension Spending and Contributions, 2010-2100; Boxes; 1. Japan: How Does Macro Indexing Work?; III. Pension Reform Options to Reduce the Fiscal Burden; Tables; 1. Japan: Options to Reduce Government for Basic Pension; 2. Japan: Growth Impact of Pension Reform Options; A. Raise Pension Eligibility Age 327 $a5. Japan: Life Expectancy after Pension Eligibility Age, 2000-20306. OECD Countries: Pension Eligibility Age and Life Expectancy in 2010 and 2030; B. Lower Replacement Ratio; 7. Pension Benefit Replacement Rate for Single Earner Couples; 3. Japan: Old-age Poverty in Japan and the Role of Pensions; C. Higher Contribution Rates; 8. Pension Contribution Rate, 2009; D. Reducing Preferential Treatments; IV. Conclusion; Appendices; I. Methodologies to Calculate Fiscal Savings from Reform Options; References 330 3 $aThis paper analyzes various reform options for Japan?s public pension in light of large fiscal consolidation needs of the country. The most attractive option is to increase the pension eligibility age in line with high and rising life expectancy. This would have a positive effect on long-run economic growth and would be relatively fair in sharing the burden of fiscal adjustment between younger and older generations. Other attractive options include better targeting by ?clawing back? a small portion of pension benefits from wealthy retirees, reducing preferential tax treatment of pension benefit incomes, and collecting contributions from dependent spouses of employees, who are currently eligible for pension benefits even though they make no contributions. These options, if implemented concurrently, could reduce the government annual subsidy and the government deficit by up to 1¼ percent of GDP by 2020. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2012/285 606 $aPensions$zJapan 606 $aRetirement income$zJapan 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aDemography$2imf 606 $aFiscal Policy$2imf 606 $aSocial Security and Public Pensions$2imf 606 $aDemographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts$2imf 606 $aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits$2imf 606 $aPrivate Pensions$2imf 606 $aEconomics of the Elderly$2imf 606 $aEconomics of the Handicapped$2imf 606 $aNon-labor Market Discrimination$2imf 606 $aAggregate Factor Income Distribution$2imf 606 $aPensions$2imf 606 $aPopulation & demography$2imf 606 $aPension spending$2imf 606 $aAging$2imf 606 $aIncome$2imf 606 $aPension reform$2imf 606 $aExpenditure$2imf 606 $aPopulation and demographics$2imf 606 $aNational accounts$2imf 606 $aPopulation aging$2imf 607 $aJapan$2imf 615 0$aPensions 615 0$aRetirement income 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aDemography 615 7$aFiscal Policy 615 7$aSocial Security and Public Pensions 615 7$aDemographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts 615 7$aNonwage Labor Costs and Benefits 615 7$aPrivate Pensions 615 7$aEconomics of the Elderly 615 7$aEconomics of the Handicapped 615 7$aNon-labor Market Discrimination 615 7$aAggregate Factor Income Distribution 615 7$aPensions 615 7$aPopulation & demography 615 7$aPension spending 615 7$aAging 615 7$aIncome 615 7$aPension reform 615 7$aExpenditure 615 7$aPopulation and demographics 615 7$aNational accounts 615 7$aPopulation aging 700 $aKashiwase$b Kenichiro$01462100 701 $aNozaki$b Masahiro$01462073 701 $aTokuoka$b Kiichi$01476613 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910779642403321 996 $aPension Reforms in Japan$93691355 997 $aUNINA