LEADER 05570nam 2200697Ia 450 001 9910779142603321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-88942-0 010 $a0-8122-0079-9 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812200799 035 $a(CKB)2550000000104538 035 $a(OCoLC)802059453 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10576072 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000676239 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11420669 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000676239 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10678625 035 $a(PQKB)10316786 035 $a(OCoLC)794702146 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse3153 035 $a(DE-B1597)448929 035 $a(OCoLC)1013955059 035 $a(OCoLC)979577643 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812200799 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3441632 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10576072 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL420192 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3441632 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000104538 100 $a19990915e20102000 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 14$aThe Cistercian evolution$b[electronic resource] $ethe invention of a religious order in twelfth-century Europe /$fConstance Hoffman Berman 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$d2010,c2000 215 $a1 online resource (407 p.) 225 0 $aThe Middle Ages Series 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-8122-2102-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [323]-358) and index. 327 $t Frontmatter -- $tContents -- $tList of Tables and Illustrations -- $tPreface -- $t1. Twelfth-Century Narratives and Cistercian Mythology -- $t2. Charters, "Primitive Documents," and Papal Confirmations -- $t3. From Cīteaux to the Invention of a Cistercian Order -- $t4. Charters, Patrons, and Communities -- $t5. Rewriting the History of Cistercians and Twelfth-Century Religious Reform -- $tAppendix One: Chronological Summary -- $tAppendix Two: "Primitive Documents" Manuscripts: Relevant Contents -- $tAppendix Three: Southern-French Cistercian Abbeys by Province and Diocese -- $tAppendix Four: Calixtus II Documents from 1119 and 1120 -- $tAppendix Five: Restored 1170 Letter from Alexander III -- $tList of Abbreviations -- $tNotes -- $tBibliography -- $tIndex 330 $aAccording to the received history, the Cistercian order was founded in Cīteaux, France, in 1098 by a group of Benedictine monks who wished for a stricter community. They sought a monastic life that called for extreme asceticism, rejection of feudal revenues, and manual labor for monks. Their third leader, Stephen Harding, issued a constitution, the Carta Caritatis, that called for the uniformity of custom in all Cistercian monasteries and the establishment of an annual general chapter meeting at Cīteaux.The Cistercian order grew phenomenally in the mid-twelfth century, reaching beyond France to Portugal in the west, Sweden in the north, and the eastern Mediterranean, ostensibly through a process of apostolic gestation, whereby members of a motherhouse would go forth to establish a new house. The abbey at Clairvaux, founded by Bernard in 1115, was alone responsible for founding 68 of the 338 Cistercian abbeys in existence by 1153. But this well-established view of a centrally organized order whose founders envisioned the shape and form of a religious order at its prime is not borne out in the historical record.Through an investigation of early Cistercian documents, Constance Hoffman Berman proves that no reliable reference to Stephen's Carta Caritatis appears before the mid-twelfth century, and that the document is more likely to date from 1165 than from 1119. The implications of this fact are profound. Instead of being a charter by which more than 300 Cistercian houses were set up by a central authority, the document becomes a means of bringing under centralized administrative control a large number of loosely affiliated and already existing monastic houses of monks as well as nuns who shared Cistercian customs. The likely reason for this administrative structuring was to check the influence of the overdominant house of Clairvaux, which threatened the authority of Cīteaux through Bernard's highly successful creation of new monastic communities.For centuries the growth of the Cistercian order has been presented as a spontaneous spirituality that swept western Europe through the power of the first house at Cīteaux. Berman suggests instead that the creation of the religious order was a collaborative activity, less driven by centralized institutions; its formation was intended to solve practical problems about monastic administration. With the publication of The Cistercian Evolution, for the first time the mechanisms are revealed by which the monks of Cīteaux reshaped fact to build and administer one of the most powerful and influential religious orders of the Middle Ages. 606 $aMonasticism and religious orders$zFrance, Southern$xHistory$yMiddle Ages, 600-1500 610 $aEuropean History. 610 $aHistory. 610 $aMedieval and Renaissance Studies. 610 $aReligion. 610 $aReligious Studies. 610 $aWorld History. 615 0$aMonasticism and religious orders$xHistory 676 $a271/.12 700 $aBerman$b Constance H$0897464 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910779142603321 996 $aThe Cistercian evolution$93757922 997 $aUNINA