LEADER 10590nam 22004573 450 001 9910751384403321 005 20231016084512.0 010 $a9783031385100 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC30786211 035 $a(CKB)28495830700041 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL30786211 035 $a(PPN)272917605 035 $a(EXLCZ)9928495830700041 100 $a20231016d2023 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aYSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 2022 $eFunding of Justice 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer,$d2023. 210 4$d©2023. 215 $a1 online resource (349 pages) 225 1 $aYSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions Series ;$vv.2022 311 $a9783031385094 327 $aIntro -- Introduction: Funding of Justice -- Background and Scope -- Access to Justice -- The Three-Wave Metaphor -- International Levels of Funding of Justice -- References -- Contents -- Part I : Specific Part: Funding of Justice: Access to Effective Justice in Times of Marketisation of Justice and Shrinking Pub... -- Revisiting the Concept of Access to Justice as a Human Right in the Post-welfare State -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Concept of Access to Justice as a Human Right -- 3 A New Balance for the Post-welfare State -- 4 The Regulation of TPLF and the Human Rights Perspective -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- The Impact of Third-Party Funding on Access to Justice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assumptions Made -- 2.1 Defining ``Third-Party Funding´´ -- 2.2 Defining ``Access to Justice´´ -- 2.3 Cost as a Component of ``Access to Justice´´ -- 2.4 Other Assumptions -- 3 A Thought Experiment on Access to Justice -- 4 Suggestions for Increasing Access to Justice -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Supply and Demand of Justice: What Policy Implications from the EU Justice Scoreboard? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Scoreboard Underlying Philosophy and the Role of Costs -- 2.1 Between Rule-of-Law and Economic Considerations -- 2.2 The Role of Costs -- 3 Zooming in: Some Findings of the Scoreboard on the Costs of Access to Justice -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Role of Public Budget in Funding Justice -- 3.3 Court Fees and the Efficiency of Proceedings -- 3.4 Cost Shifting and Recoverability of Lawyer Fees -- 3.5 Legal Aid and Consumer Access to Justice -- 3.6 Availability of Information on Court and Legal Fees -- 4 Towards a Taxonomy System of the Scoreboard Cost-Related Information -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Components of Synthetic Indicators -- 4.3 States´ Subsidies -- 4.4 Litigants´ Fees -- 4.5 Legal Aid -- 5 Highlighting Trends. 327 $a5.1 Progressive Development Identified -- 5.2 The Gradual Shift of Focus Towards the Demand Side -- 5.3 The Growth of Data -- 5.4 The Commission´s Experimental Approach -- 6 Zooming Out: The Role of Cost-Related Information in the Concept of Access to Justice -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Illusory Truths and Frivolous Claims: Critical Reflections on a Report on Litigation Funding by the European Parliamentary Res... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The EPRS Report´s General Findings and Conclusions on TPLF -- 3 The Litigation Funding Taxonomy Used in the EPRS Report -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The EPRS Reports´ Definition of Third Party Litigation Funding (TPLF) -- 3.2.1 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Seems Not to Include Portfolio Funding -- 3.2.2 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Confuses the Relevance of Successful Outcome Under Different Remuneration Mo... -- 3.2.3 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Correspond with the Concept of Third Party Funding in EU Regulation -- 3.3 The EPRS Reports´ Definition of Third Party Litigation Funder -- 3.3.1 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Cover All Entities Carrying Out TPLF as De... -- 3.3.2 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Cover Non-commercial Funders or Entities F... -- 3.3.3 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Is Unclear with Respect to Whether Insurers and Law... -- 3.3.4 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Correspond with the TPLF Definition Used i... -- 3.4 Conclusion Regarding the Fundamental Concepts Defined in the EPRS Report -- 4 The Perceived Risk for Frivolous Claims -- 4.1 The EPRS Report´s Conclusions Regarding Risk for Frivolous Claims as an Effect of TPLF. 327 $a4.2 The EPRS Report States That the Risk for Frivolous Single Claims as an Effect of TPLF Is ``Extremely Low´´ -- 4.3 The EPRS Report Presents No Support or Argument for the Position That Portfolio Funding May Lead to Frivolous Claims -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks Regarding the Report´s Position on Frivolous Claims -- 5 The Perceived Risk for Conflicts of Interest as an Effect of TPLF -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Potential Conflicts of Interest Regarding the Funded Party and the Funder -- 5.3 Comments on the Example in the EPRS Report Intended to Illustrate a Conflict of Interest Situation with Respect to Settlem... -- 5.3.1 Initial Remarks -- 5.3.2 Estimated Chance of Success in a Litigation Funding Deal -- 5.3.3 The Claimant´s Alleged Unwillingness to Accept the Settlement -- 5.3.4 Remuneration Payable in a Litigation Funding Deal -- 5.3.5 Summary Regarding the Settlement Scenario Example -- 5.4 Summary Regarding Conflicts of Interest -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Online Sources -- References -- Funding as an Element of Access to Justice in Environmental Protection Cases in Belgium: A Socio-Legal Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Question(s) and Structure of the Study -- 1.2 Methodology and Limitations -- 2 Environmental Protection as a Collective Interest and as an Enforceable Right -- 2.1 The Disruptive Reach of Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention -- 2.2 The Role of Environmental NGOs and Their Locus Standi Under EU Law: A Brief Overview -- 3 Access to Justice for the Protection of the Environment as a Collective Interest in Belgium -- 3.1 Protection of Collective Interests: The Necessity of Demonstrating an Interest -- 3.1.1 Administrative Courts and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.2 Civil Courts and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.3 The Constitutional Court and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.4 Right of Substitution for Citizens. 327 $a3.2 Overview of Various Costs of Resolving Disputes Within the Formal Judicial Machinery and Exemptions -- 4 From `Law in the Books´ to `Law in Action´: Do Belgian Organisations Acting in the Collective Interest Find Their Way to Cou... -- 4.1 Human and Financial Resources -- 4.1.1 Structure of the Organisations/Collectives and Aims -- 4.1.2 Financial Resources -- 4.2 Locus Standi and Expenses -- 4.2.1 Locus Standi -- 4.2.2 Cost of the Proceedings (Judicial and Legal Fees) and Other Expenses -- 4.3 Perceived Legitimacy of the Belgian Legal Framework -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Standing, Justiciability, and Burden of Proof in Climate Litigation: Challenges and Proposals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Roots of Climate Litigation -- 2.1 Climate Change and Justice -- 2.1.1 Background -- 2.1.2 Human Rights -- 2.1.3 Inequality -- 2.1.4 Future Generations -- 2.1.5 Conclusion: Climate Change Is a Matter of Justice -- 2.2 From International Law to National Courts -- 3 Litigation Categories -- 3.1 Classification -- 3.2 Strategic Litigation Against Governments -- 3.2.1 General -- 3.2.2 Leghari -- 3.2.3 Juliana -- 3.2.4 Urgenda -- 3.2.5 Neubauer -- 3.2.6 Conclusion -- 3.3 Strategic Litigation Against Actors in the Private Sector -- 3.3.1 General -- 3.3.2 Claims Seeking to Reduce Emissions -- 3.3.3 Claims Against Specific Projects -- 3.4 Litigation for Compensatory Damages Against Actors in the Private Sector -- 3.5 Claims Based on Statutory Environmental Assessment Law -- 3.5.1 General -- 3.5.2 Gloucester Resources -- 3.5.3 Earthlife Africa Johannesburg -- 3.5.4 Vienna Airport -- 3.5.5 Conclusion: The Potential of Environmental Assessment Litigation -- 3.6 Fundamental Rights Litigation -- 3.6.1 General -- 3.6.2 Legal Foundations -- 3.6.3 Jurisdiction Levels -- 3.7 Conclusion: Enforcing Climate Rights Through Litigation. 327 $a4 Outdated Standing, Justiciability and Evidence Rules -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standing Rules -- 4.3 Justiciability -- 4.4 Evidence Rules -- 4.5 Conclusion: Outdated Procedural Rules Entail Longer and More Risky Court Proceedings -- 5 The IBA Model Statute: Ideas for Procedural Law Reform -- 5.1 The IBA Proposals to Overcome the Issue of Standing -- 5.2 The IBA Proposals to Overcome the Issue of Justiciability -- 5.3 The IBA Proposals on Evidence Rules -- 6 Conclusion -- Case Law -- References -- Reports -- Simplification of Procedure -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Access to Lawyers (or ``Lawyer-Less´´ Litigation?) -- 1.2 Aim and Outline -- 2 Background -- 2.1 The Swedish Court System -- 2.2 The ``Right´´ to Counsel: Effective or Illusory? -- 2.3 The Concept of ``Simplified Procedures´´ -- 3 Lawyers´ Fees -- 3.1 Cost-Shifting -- 3.1.1 Two-Way Cost-Shifting in Civil Proceedings -- 3.1.2 No-Way Cost-Shifting in Administrative Proceedings -- 3.2 Legal Aid (and Legal Expense Insurances) -- 3.2.1 Legal Aid (and LEI:s) in Civil Proceedings -- 3.2.2 Legal Aid (and Public Counsel) in Administrative Proceedings -- 3.3 Lawyer-Less Litigation Before the Administrative Courts -- 4 Lawyer Advantage -- 4.1 The Sailor and the Shark -- 4.2 Levelling the Playing Field -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.1 Debunking the Myth of ``Simplified Procedures´´ -- 5.2 There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch -- Legal Statues -- Government Bills -- Official Reports of the Swedish Government -- Case Law: The European Court of Human Rights -- Case Law: The Supreme Court of Sweden -- Case Law: The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden -- Other Sources -- References -- ``Equality of Legal Protection´´: On the Constitutional Derivation of the Right to Legal Aid in Administrative Proceedings and... -- 1 The Constitutional ``Equality of Legal Protection´´. 327 $a2 Legal Aid According to the Statutory Provisions. 410 0$aYSEC 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