LEADER 10638nam 2200493 450 001 9910495199503321 005 20220608223224.0 010 $a3-030-79602-7 035 $a(CKB)5590000000551267 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6717882 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6717882 035 $a(OCoLC)1266896293 035 $a(PPN)25805753X 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000551267 100 $a20220608d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aUnderstanding real traffic $eparadigm shift in transportation science /$fBoris S. Kerner 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2021] 210 4$d©2021 215 $a1 online resource (248 pages) 311 $a3-030-79601-9 327 $aIntro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Acronyms and Symbols -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Standard Theories of Vehicular Traffic -- 1.2 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown-Empirical Anomaly ? -- 1.3 Objective and Methodology -- 1.4 Structure -- References -- 2 Basic Empirical Spatiotemporal Phenomena in Real Traffic -- 2.1 Three-Phase Traffic Theory-Framework for Understanding Real Traffic -- 2.1.1 Three Traffic Phases in Empirical Traffic Data -- 2.1.2 Fronts Between Traffic Phases -- 2.1.3 Definitions of Synchronized Flow and Wide Moving Jam Phases in Congested Traffic -- 2.1.4 Explanations of Term ``Synchronized Flow'' -- 2.2 Empirical Spontaneous Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- 2.3 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- 2.4 Empirical Emergence of Moving Jams in Synchronized Flow -- 2.5 Common Features of Empirical Traffic Breakdown at Bottlenecks -- 2.6 What Is Necessary for Understanding Real Traffic? -- 2.7 Why Is the Distinguishing Between the Three Phases Needed for Understanding Real Traffic? -- References -- 3 How Can Empirical Spatiotemporal Traffic Dynamics Be Reconstructed Through Traffic Measurements? -- 3.1 Traffic Dynamics Reconstructed Through Probe Vehicle Data -- 3.1.1 Explanation of Vehicle Trajectory -- 3.1.2 Can a Driver Resolve Traffic Breakdown? -- 3.1.3 How Short Should the Average Time Interval Between Probe Vehicles Be for the Resolution of Traffic Breakdown? -- 3.2 Traffic Dynamics Reconstructed Through Road Detector Data -- 3.2.1 Road Detector Measurements -- 3.2.2 Empirical Example of Spatiotemporal Traffic Dynamics -- References -- 4 Why Does Traffic Breakdown Occur Mostly at a Bottleneck? -- 4.1 Local Speed Decrease in Free Flow at Road Bottlenecks -- 4.1.1 On-Ramp Bottleneck -- 4.1.2 Off-Ramp Bottleneck. 327 $a4.2 Empirical Example of Local Speed Decrease in Free Flow ? -- 4.3 Local Speed Decrease in Free Flow at Moving Bottleneck -- References -- 5 Empirical Spontaneous Traffic Breakdown-Fundamental Problem for Understanding Real Traffic -- 5.1 Perception of Highway Capacity in Standard Traffic and Transportation ? -- 5.2 Empirical Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow -- 5.3 Empirical Hysteresis Effect -- 5.4 Microscopic Spatiotemporal Features of Empirical Spontaneous ? -- 5.5 Ignoring of Phenomenon ``Empirical Induced Traffic ? -- 5.6 Ignoring of Phenomenon ``Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown''-Consequences for Transportation Science -- References -- 6 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown-Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown -- 6.1 Features of Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- 6.1.1 Microscopic Characteristics of Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown -- 6.1.2 Macroscopic Characteristics of Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown -- 6.1.3 Common Empirical Features of Synchronized Flow Resulting from Spontaneous and Induced Traffic Breakdowns -- 6.2 Explanation of Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- 6.2.1 Nucleation of Traffic Breakdown and Metastability of Free Flow with Respect to FrightarrowS Transition at Bottleneck -- 6.2.2 Effect of Empirical Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck on Definition of Synchronized Flow -- 6.3 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck: A Summary -- 6.4 Empirical Proof of Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown ? -- References -- 7 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown-Understanding Stochastic Highway Capacity -- 7.1 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown as the Usual Reason for Traffic Congestion on Long Highway Sections -- 7.2 Range of Highway Capacities at Any Time Instant -- 7.2.1 Minimum and Maximum Highway Capacities. 327 $a7.2.2 Stochastic Highway Capacity in Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- 7.3 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck as Empirical Proof for Range of Highway Capacities -- 7.4 Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown as One of Consequences of Spill-Over Effect -- 7.5 Perception of Highway Capacity Resulting from Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- References -- 8 Empirical Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown-Emergence of Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- 8.1 Discontinuous Character of Over-Acceleration -- 8.1.1 Driver Speed Adaptation and Over-Acceleration -- 8.1.2 Time Delay in Over-Acceleration -- 8.1.3 Discontinuity of Mean Time Delay in Over-Acceleration -- 8.1.4 Driver Behaviors Explaining the Range of Highway Capacities at Bottleneck -- 8.1.5 Explanation of the Choice of the Term ``Over-Acceleration'' -- 8.2 Nucleus Occurrence for Spontaneous Traffic Breakdown ? -- 8.2.1 Competition Between Speed Adaptation and Over-Acceleration Within Local Speed Decrease at Bottleneck -- 8.2.2 Critical Speed Within Local Speed Decrease at Bottleneck -- 8.3 Driver Behaviors Resulting in Nucleation Nature of Traffic ? -- References -- 9 Understanding Empirical Nuclei for Traffic Breakdown (FrightarrowS Transition) at Bottleneck -- 9.1 Nucleus for Empirical Spontaneous Traffic Breakdown -- 9.1.1 Waves in Heterogeneous Free Flow: Qualitative Consideration -- 9.1.2 Empirical Speed Waves in Heterogeneous Free Flow: Local Speed Decreases at Sequence of Moving Bottlenecks -- 9.1.3 A Mechanism of Nucleus Occurrence in Heterogeneous Free Flow at Road Bottleneck -- 9.1.4 Random Occurrence of Nucleus for Empirical Spontaneous Traffic Breakdown -- 9.2 Empirical Transitions from Free Flow to Synchronized ? -- 9.3 Is There a Difference Between Empirical Spontaneous and Induced ? -- 9.4 Empirical Proof of Time Delay in Over-Acceleration Using ? -- References. 327 $a10 Origin of Emergence of Empirical Moving Traffic Jams: FrightarrowSrightarrowJ Transitions -- 10.1 Empirical Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow (SrightarrowJ Transition) -- 10.2 Qualitative Explanation of Moving Jam Emergence ? -- 10.2.1 Driver Reaction Time and Classical Traffic Flow Instability -- 10.2.2 Critical Speed for SrightarrowJ Instability -- 10.3 Crucial Difference Between Driver Reaction Time and Time Delay in Over-Acceleration-A Difficulty for Understanding of Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- References -- 11 Basic Types of Empirical Spatiotemporal Congested Traffic Patterns at Bottlenecks -- 11.1 Synchronized Flow Patterns (SPs) -- 11.1.1 Emergence of Moving SP (MSP) at Road Bottlenecks -- 11.1.2 Basic Types of SPs at Road Bottlenecks -- 11.1.3 Diverse Variety of SPs at Road Bottlenecks -- 11.1.4 Boomerang Effect -- 11.1.5 MSP Propagating in Direction of Traffic Flow -- 11.1.6 Basic Types of SPs at Moving Bottleneck -- 11.1.7 Diverse Variety of SPs at Moving Bottleneck -- 11.2 General Congested Traffic Patterns (GPs) -- 11.2.1 Basic Types of GPs at Road Bottlenecks -- 11.2.2 Diverse Variety of GPs at Road Bottlenecks -- 11.2.3 Basic Types of GPs at Moving Bottlenecks -- 11.3 Empirical Microscopic Structure of Wide Moving Jam ? -- References -- 12 Discussion and Outlook -- 12.1 Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in Application ? -- 12.1.1 Normal Science: Cumulative Process in Standard Traffic and Transportation Science -- 12.1.2 Crisis: Failure of Engineering Applications of Standard Traffic Theories -- 12.1.3 Anomaly: Empirical Induced Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck -- 12.1.4 Response to Crisis: Emergence of Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- 12.1.5 Incommensurability of Standard Traffic Theories with Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- 12.1.6 Paradigm Shift in Traffic and Transportation Science. 327 $a12.1.7 Response of Traffic and Transportation Research Community -- 12.2 Can Autonomous Driving Improve Traffic? -- 12.2.1 Mixed Traffic Flow -- 12.2.2 Can Vehicular Traffic Consisting of 100% Autonomous Vehicles Be Real Option in Near Future? -- References -- Appendix A Characteristics of Synchronized Flow in Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- A.1 Two-Dimensional Region of Steady States of Synchronized Flow -- A.1.1 Indifferent Zone for Car-Following -- A.1.2 Asymmetric Deceleration-Acceleration Driver Behavior -- A.2 Origin of Indifferent Zone for Car-Following and Asymmetric Deceleration-Acceleration Driver Behavior -- A.3 Driver Speed Adaptation within Indifferent Zone for Car-Following -- A.4 Driver Over-Acceleration within Indifferent Zone for Car-Following -- A.5 Growing Wave of Local Speed Increase in Synchronized Flow (SrightarrowF Instability) -- A.5.1 Decay of Local Increase in Speed in Initially Homogeneous Synchronized Flow -- A.5.2 Critical Speed for SrightarrowF Instability -- A.5.3 Nucleation Nature of SrightarrowF Instability -- A.6 Why Does Nucleation Nature of SrightarrowF Instability Govern Nucleation Nature of Traffic Breakdown? -- A.7 Main Prediction of Three-Phase Traffic Theory -- A.8 Characteristics of Traffic Breakdown and Wide Moving Jam Emergence -- A.8.1 Z-Characteristic for Traffic Breakdown (FrightarrowS Transition) at Bottleneck -- A.8.2 Z-Characteristic for SrightarrowJ Transition -- A.8.3 Double Z-Characteristic for Phase Transitions -- A.9 Competition of SrightarrowF and SrightarrowJ Instabilities -- A.9.1 Qualitative Explanation of Competition of SrightarrowF and SrightarrowJ Instabilities -- A.9.2 Empirical Alternations of Regions of Free Flow, Synchronized Flow, and Wide Moving Jams -- A.10 Why Is Spontaneous Emergence of Moving Jams Not Observed in Real Free Flow? -- Appendix B Empirical Features of Wide Moving Jams. 327 $aB.1 Empirical Characteristic Parameters of Jam Propagation: Line J. 606 $aTraffic flow 606 $aCirculation 615 0$aTraffic flow. 615 0$aCirculation. 676 $a388 700 $aKerner$b B. S$g(Boris Semenovich),$01236973 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910495199503321 996 $aUnderstanding real traffic$92871723 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04827nam 22007695 450 001 9910725098903321 005 20230515181252.0 010 $a9789819913572$b(electronic bk.) 010 $z9789819913565 024 7 $a10.1007/978-981-99-1357-2 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC30545062 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL30545062 035 $a(OCoLC)1379480890 035 $a(DE-He213)978-981-99-1357-2 035 $a(BIP)089067627 035 $a(PPN)270616705 035 $a(CKB)26707052700041 035 $a(EXLCZ)9926707052700041 100 $a20230515d2023 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aFault-Tolerant Control for Time-Varying Delayed T-S Fuzzy Systems /$fby Shaoxin Sun, Huaguang Zhang, Xiaojie Su, Jinyu Zhu 205 $a1st ed. 2023. 210 1$aSingapore :$cSpringer Nature Singapore :$cImprint: Springer,$d2023. 215 $a1 online resource (230 pages) 225 1 $aIntelligent Control and Learning Systems,$x2662-5466 ;$v9 311 08$aPrint version: Sun, Shaoxin Fault-Tolerant Control for Time-Varying Delayed T-S Fuzzy Systems Singapore : Springer,c2023 9789819913565 327 $aChapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Fault Estimation and Tolerant Control for Time-Varying Delayed Fuzzy Systems with Actuator Faults -- Chapter 3 Fault Estimation and Tolerant Control for Multiple Time Delayed Fuzzy Systems with Sensor and Actuator Faults -- Chapter 4 Multiple Intermittent Fault Estimation and Tolerant Control for Switched T-S Fuzzy Stochastic Systems with Multiple Delays -- Chapter 5 Fault-Tolerant Control for Multiple Interval Time Delayed Switched Fuzzy Systems With Intermittent Faults -- Chapter 6 Fault-Tolerant Control for Multiple-Delayed Switched Fuzzy Stochastic Systems With Intermittent Faults -- Chapter 7 Conclusion and Prospect. 330 $aThis book delves into the complexities of fault estimation and fault-tolerant control for nonlinear time-delayed systems. Through the use of multiple-integral observers, it addresses fault estimation and active fault-tolerant control for time-delayed fuzzy systems with actuator faults and both actuator and sensor faults. Additionally, the book explores the use of sliding mode control to solve issues of sensor fault estimation, intermittent actuator fault estimation, and active fault-tolerant control for time-delayed switched fuzzy systems. Furthermore, it presents the use of H? guaranteed cost control for both time-delayed switched fuzzy systems and time-delayed switched fuzzy stochastic systems with intermittent actuator and sensor faults. Finally, the problem of delay-dependent finite-time fault-tolerant control for uncertain switched T-S fuzzy systems with multiple time-varying delays, intermittent process faults and intermittent sensor faults is studied. The research on fault estimation and tolerant control has drawn attention from engineers and scientists in various fields such as electrical, mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and nuclear engineering. The book provides a comprehensive framework for this topic, placing a strong emphasis on the importance of stability analysis and the impact of result conservatism on the design and implementation of observers and controllers. It is intended for undergraduate and graduate students interested in fault diagnosis and tolerant control technology, researchers studying time-varying delayed T-S fuzzy systems, and observer/controller design engineers working on system stability applications. 410 0$aIntelligent Control and Learning Systems,$x2662-5466 ;$v9 606 $aAutomatic control 606 $aSystem theory 606 $aControl theory 606 $aStochastic processes 606 $aAutomation 606 $aControl and Systems Theory 606 $aSystems Theory, Control 606 $aStochastic Systems and Control 606 $aAutomation 610 $aSystem Theory 610 $aRobotics 610 $aAutomation 610 $aScience 610 $aTechnology & Engineering 615 0$aAutomatic control. 615 0$aSystem theory. 615 0$aControl theory. 615 0$aStochastic processes. 615 0$aAutomation. 615 14$aControl and Systems Theory. 615 24$aSystems Theory, Control . 615 24$aStochastic Systems and Control. 615 24$aAutomation. 676 $a511.313 700 $aSun$b Shaoxin$01358250 701 $aZhang$b Huaguang$01064375 701 $aSu$b Xiaojie$0739799 701 $aZhu$b Jinyu$01358251 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 912 $a9910725098903321 996 $aFault-Tolerant Control for Time-Varying Delayed T-S Fuzzy Systems$93367023 997 $aUNINA