LEADER 01205nam 2200349I 450 001 9910707094503321 005 20180627141233.0 035 $a(CKB)5470000002460538 035 $a(OCoLC)1034986798 035 $a(EXLCZ)995470000002460538 100 $a20180508d1951 ua 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aGreen River oil-shale reserves of Northwestern Colorado /$fby Carl Belser 210 1$aPittsburgh, Pa. :$cUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,$d1951. 215 $a1 online resource (122 unnumbered pages) $cillustrations, maps 225 1 $aReport of investigations / United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines ;$v4769 300 $a"February 1951." 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 606 $aOil-shales$zColorado 615 0$aOil-shales 700 $aBelser$b Carl$01414012 712 02$aUnited States.$bBureau of Mines, 801 0$bGPO 801 1$bGPO 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910707094503321 996 $aGreen River oil-shale reserves of Northwestern Colorado$93511972 997 $aUNINA LEADER 02604nam 2200325z- 450 001 9910583583003321 005 20220715 010 $a1-4214-2787-7 035 $a(CKB)5460000000023662 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/88738 035 $a(oapen)doab88738 035 $a(EXLCZ)995460000000023662 100 $a20202207d2009 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aPunched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945 210 $cJohns Hopkins University Press$d2009 215 $a1 online resource (376 p.) 330 $aAt a time when Internet use is closely tracked and social networking sites supply data for targeted advertising, Lars Heide presents the first academic study of the invention that fueled today's information revolution: the punched card. Early punched cards helped to process the United States census in 1890. They soon proved useful in calculating invoices and issuing pay slips. As demand for more sophisticated systems and reading machines increased in both the United States and Europe, punched cards served ever-larger data-processing purposes. Insurance companies, public utilities, businesses, and governments all used them to keep detailed records of their customers, competitors, employees, citizens, and enemies. The United States used punched-card registers in the late 1930s to pay roughly 21 million Americans their Social Security pensions, Vichy France used similar technologies in an attempt to mobilize an army against the occupying German forces, and the Germans in 1941 developed several punched-card registers to make the war effort-and surveillance of minorities-more effective. Heide's analysis of these three major punched-card systems, as well as the impact of the invention on Great Britain, illustrates how different cultures collected personal and financial data and how they adapted to new technologies.This comparative study will interest students and scholars from a wide range of disciplines, including the history of technology, computer science, business history, and management and organizational studies. 606 $aHistory of engineering and technology$2bicssc 610 $aHistory of engineering & technology 615 7$aHistory of engineering and technology 700 $aHeide$b Lars$4auth$01328821 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910583583003321 996 $aPunched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945$94428397 997 $aUNINA