LEADER 02106oam 2200433Ka 450 001 9910702855303321 005 20090707155850.0 035 $a(CKB)4330000001929325 035 $a(OCoLC)317626727 035 $a(EXLCZ)994330000001929325 100 $a20090402d2009 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aPerformance limitations of mc-Si solar cells caused by defect clusters$b[electronic resource] $epreprint /$fB. Sopori ... [and others] 210 1$aGolden, CO :$cNational Renewable Energy Laboratory,$d[2009] 215 $a10 pages $cdigital, PDF file 225 1 $aConference paper NREL/CP ;$v520-45012 300 $aTitle from title screen (viewed April 2009). 300 $a"February 2009." 300 $a"To be presented at Semicon China 2009, Shanghai, China, March 17-19, 2009." 330 3 $aMulticrystalline silicon wafers used for solar cells exhibit defect clusters--localized crystal defects in and near grains of some specific orientations. Defect clusters are also dominant sites for impurity precipitation, and they remain ungettered and unpassivated through the solar cell processing. This paper describes characteristics of defect clusters, and shows, through theory and experiment, that defect clusters typically lower cell efficiency by 3 to 4 absolute percentage points. To recover this efficiency loss, it is necessary to getter precipitated impurities. 517 $aPerformance Limitations of mc-Si Solar Cells Caused by Defect Clusters 606 $aSolar cells$xDefects 606 $aPhotovoltaic cells$xResearch 615 0$aSolar cells$xDefects. 615 0$aPhotovoltaic cells$xResearch. 700 $aSopori$b Bhushan Lal$01382971 712 02$aNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.) 801 0$bSOE 801 1$bSOE 801 2$bSOE 801 2$bGPO 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910702855303321 996 $aPerformance limitations of mc-Si solar cells caused by defect clusters$93472968 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04817nam 22009255 450 001 9910966846303321 005 20250730101759.0 010 $a9781597263412 010 $a1597263419 010 $a9781610912211 010 $a1610912217 024 7 $a10.5822/978-1-61091-221-1 035 $a(CKB)2550000000111021 035 $a(EBL)3317581 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000878314 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11532149 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000878314 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10836146 035 $a(PQKB)10589465 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000645716 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11370574 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000645716 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10681613 035 $a(PQKB)11786715 035 $a(DE-He213)978-1-61091-221-1 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3317581 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1156159 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3317581 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10554553 035 $a(OCoLC)923188113 035 $a(PPN)168305542 035 $a(ODN)ODN0001099075 035 $a(Perlego)3286855 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000111021 100 $a20120630d2012 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aEvolution in a Toxic World $eHow Life Responds to Chemical Threats /$fby Emily Monosson 205 $a1st ed. 2012. 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cIsland Press/Center for Resource Economics :$cImprint: Island Press,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (240 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a1-59726-977-8 311 08$a1-59726-976-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aPreface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. An Introduction -- Part 1: Element. 2. Shining a Light on Earth?s Oldest Toxic Threat? -- 3. When Life Gives You Oxygen, Respire -- 4. Metal Planet -- Part 2: Plant and Animal. 5. It Takes Two (or More) for the Cancer Tango -- 6. Chemical Warfare -- 7. Sensing Chemicals -- 8. Coordinated Defense -- Part 3: Human. 9. Toxic Evolution -- 10. Toxic Overload? -- Appendix: Five Recent Additions to the Chemical Handbook of Life Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index. 330 $aWith BPA in baby bottles, mercury in fish, and lead in computer monitors, the world has become a toxic place. But as Emily Monosson demonstrates in her groundbreaking new book, it has always been toxic. When oxygen first developed in Earth's atmosphere, it threatened the very existence of life: now we literally can't live without it. According to Monosson, examining how life adapted to such early threats can teach us a great deal about today's (and tomorrow's) most dangerous contaminants. While the study of evolution has advanced many other sciences, from conservation biology to medicine, the field of toxicology has yet to embrace this critical approach. In Evolution in a Toxic World, Monosson seeks to change that. She traces the development of life's defense systems?the mechanisms that transform, excrete, and stow away potentially harmful chemicals?from more than three billion years ago to today. Beginning with our earliest ancestors' response to ultraviolet radiation, Monosson explores the evolution of chemical defenses such as antioxidants, metal binding proteins, detoxification, and cell death. As we alter the world's chemistry, these defenses often become overwhelmed faster than our bodies can adapt. But studying how our complex internal defense network currently operates, and how it came to be that way, may allow us to predict how it will react to novel and existing chemicals. This understanding could lead to not only better management and preventative measures, but possibly treatment of current diseases. Development of that knowledge starts with this pioneering book. 606 $aEnvironmental chemistry 606 $aChemistry 606 $aRadiation dosimetry 606 $aAnimal culture 606 $aBiotic communities 606 $aEnvironmental Chemistry 606 $aChemistry 606 $aRadiation Dosimetry and Protection 606 $aAnimal Science 606 $aEcosystems 615 0$aEnvironmental chemistry. 615 0$aChemistry. 615 0$aRadiation dosimetry. 615 0$aAnimal culture. 615 0$aBiotic communities. 615 14$aEnvironmental Chemistry. 615 24$aChemistry. 615 24$aRadiation Dosimetry and Protection. 615 24$aAnimal Science. 615 24$aEcosystems. 676 $a613/.1 686 $aSCI000000$2bisacsh 700 $aMonosson$b Emily$0959939 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910966846303321 996 $aEvolution in a toxic world$94351647 997 $aUNINA