LEADER 01783oam 2200385 a 450 001 9910700552103321 005 20110613113433.0 035 $a(CKB)5470000002410476 035 $a(OCoLC)671614314 035 $a(EXLCZ)995470000002410476 100 $a20101025d2010 ua 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aAfghanistan and Iraq$b[electronic resource] $eDOD should improve adherence to its guidance on open pit burning and solid waste management : report to Congressional requesters 210 1$a[Washington, D.C.] :$cU.S. Govt. Accountability Office,$d[2010] 215 $a1 online resource (iii, 53 pages) $ccolor illustrations 300 $aTitle from PDF title screen (GAO, viewed Oct. 25, 2010). 300 $a"October 2010." 300 $a"GAO-11-63." 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aBackground -- The military has relied heavily on open pit burning at installations in Afghanistan and Iraq, but burn pit operators have not always followed relevant guidance -- Alternatives to open pit burning include source reduction, recycling, incinerators, and landfills, but DOD has not evaluated their benefits or costs -- Neither U.S. forces in Afghanistan nor Iraq have monitored burn pit pollutants as directed, and the health impacts of burn pit exposure on individuals are not well understood -- Conclusions. 517 $aAfghanistan and Iraq 606 $aRefuse and refuse disposal 615 0$aRefuse and refuse disposal. 801 0$bAWC 801 1$bAWC 801 2$bAWC 801 2$bGPO 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910700552103321 996 $aAfghanistan and Iraq$93439912 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05746oam 22007335 450 001 9910975078903321 005 20240404232104.0 010 $a9780821395264 010 $a0821395262 024 7 $a10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7 035 $a(CKB)3710000000140761 035 $a(EBL)1732179 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001305517 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11799414 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001305517 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11257476 035 $a(PQKB)11474684 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1732179 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10886441 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL626977 035 $a(OCoLC)883571368 035 $a(The World Bank)18312604 035 $a(US-djbf)18312604 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1732179 035 $a(Perlego)1483539 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000140761 100 $a20140923d2014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cn$2rdamedia 183 $acr 200 10$aBiochar systems for smallholders in developing countries $eleveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture /$fSebastian M. Scholz, Thomas Sembres, Kelli Roberts, Thea Whitman, Kelpie Wilson, and Johannes Lehmann 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashingtion, D.C. :$cWorld Bank,$d[2014] 215 $a1 online resource (xvi, 208 pages)$cillustrations ;$d26 cm 225 0 $aWorld Bank Study 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9781306957267 311 08$a1306957265 311 08$a9780821395257 311 08$a0821395254 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Introduction; Background on Biochar; Overall Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems; Figures; Figure ES.1 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Boxes; Box ES.1 Summary of Kenya Case Study; Box ES.2 Summary of Vietnam Case Study; Box ES.3 Summary of Senegal Case Study; Aspects of Technology Adoption; Potential Future Involvement of Development Institutions, Including the World Bank; Chapter 1Introduction 327 $aPotential of BiocharIncreases in Research into Biochar; Content and Purpose of Study; Figure 1.1 Acceleration of Published Research on Biochar and Charcoal; Methodology; Chapter 2Background on Biochar; Characteristics and Historical Basis of Biochar; Figure 2.1 Terra Preta Soil Pit near Manaus, Brazil, Showing Thick, Dark, Carbon-Enriched Top Layer; Biochar Systems; Figure 2.2 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Tables; Table 2.1 Typical Product Yields (Dry Basis) for Different Types of Thermochemical Conversion Processes That Generate Carbonaceous Residues; Note 327 $aChapter 3Opportunities and Risks of Biochar SystemsIntroduction; Impacts on Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity; Figure 3.1 Percentage Change in Crop Productivity upon Application of Biochar under Different Scenarios; Table 3.1 Possible Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Cycling; Impacts on Climate Change; Table 3.2 Direct and Indirect Sources of Biochar Emission Reductions; Figure 3.2 General Concept of the Carbon Storage Potential of Biochar Based on 1 Tonne (t) of Dry Feedstock (Slow Pyrolysis); Figure 3.3 Impact of Biochar on Climate Change Mitigation 327 $aFigure 3.4 Alternative Scenarios for Biomass Carbon DynamicsSocial Impacts; Competing Uses of Biomass; Table 3.3 Potential Biomass Use and Limitations; Notes; Chapter 4Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Survey; Classification of Biochar Systems; Figure 4.1 Distribution of Project Locations; Figure 4.2 Biochar Production Technologies; Figure 4.3 Utilization of Biochar Production Energy; Figure 4.4 Word Cloud Showing Biochar Feedstocks Most Frequently Cited by Survey Respondents; Figure 4.5 Scale of Biochar Production Systems 327 $aFigure 4.6 Typology of Biochar Systems by Type of Energy Recovery and Scale Showing Number of Projects with Each Type of Feedstock (n = 154)Figure 4.7 Summary of Dominant Biochar Typologies; Table 4.1 Biochar System Typology; Chapter 5Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment: Definition and Methodology; Box 5.1 Elements of a Life-Cycle Assessment; Case Studies; Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment; Figure 5.1 Schematic Flow Diagram for Biochar Production in a Pyrolysis Cookstove System; Figure 5.2 Pyrolysis Cookstove in Kenya Case Study 327 $aTable 5.1 Primary and Secondary Feedstock Characteristics and Availability for Baseline Scenario 330 $aBiochar is the carbon-rich organic matter that remains after heating biomass under minimization of oxygen during a process called pyrolysis. Its relevance to deforestation, agricultural resilience, and energy production, particularly in developing countries, makes it an important issue. This report offers a review of what is known about opportunities and risks of biochar systems. Its aim is to provide a state of the art overview of current knowledge regarding biochar science. In that sense the report also offers a reconciling view on different scientific opinions about biochar providing an ove 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 606 $aBiochar 606 $aBiomass energy 615 0$aBiochar. 615 0$aBiomass energy. 676 $a333.9539 700 $aScholz$b Sebastian M$01803757 702 $aScholz$b Sebastian M. 801 0$bDLC 801 1$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910975078903321 996 $aBiochar systems for smallholders in developing countries$94351434 997 $aUNINA