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100   $a20070928d2007      ua             0
101 0 $aeng
135   $aurcn|||||||||
181   $ctxt$2rdacontent
182   $cc$2rdamedia
183   $acr$2rdacarrier
200 13$aAn introduction to using surface geophysics to characterize sand and gravel deposits$b[electronic resource] /$fby Jeffrey E. Lucius, William H. Langer, and Karl J. Ellefsen
210  1$aReston, Va. :$cU.S. Geological Survey,$d2007.
215   $aiv, 33 pages $cdigital, PDF file
225 1 $aCircular ;$v1310
300   $aTitle from Web page (viewed on Sept. 28, 2007).
311   $a1-4113-1841-2 
320   $aIncludes bibliographical references (pages 25-26).
330 3 $aThis report is an introduction to surface geophysical techniques that aggregate producers can use to characterize known deposits of sand and gravel. Five well-established and well-tested geophysical methods are presented: seismic refraction and reflection, resistivity, ground penetrating radar, time-domain electromagnetism, and frequency-domain electromagnetism. Depending on site conditions and the selected method(s), geophysical surveys can provide information concerning areal extent and thickness of the deposit, thickness of overburden, depth to the water table, critical geologic contacts, and location and correlation of geologic features. In addition, geophysical surveys can be conducted prior to intensive drilling to help locate auger or drill holes, reduce the number of drill holes required, calculate stripping ratios to help manage mining costs, and provide continuity between sampling sites to upgrade the confidence of reserve calculations from probable reserves to proved reserves. Perhaps the greatest value of geophysics to aggregate producers may be the speed of data acquisition, reduced overall costs, and improved subsurface characterization.
606   $aProspecting$xGeophysical methods
606   $aSand and gravel mines and mining
606   $aSand
606   $aAggregates (Building materials)
606   $aGravel
615  0$aProspecting$xGeophysical methods.
615  0$aSand and gravel mines and mining.
615  0$aSand.
615  0$aAggregates (Building materials)
615  0$aGravel.
700   $aLucius$b Jeffrey E$01381415
701   $aLanger$b William H$0191378
701   $aEllefsen$b Karl$01380912
712 02$aGeological Survey (U.S.)
801  0$bORE
801  1$bORE
801  2$bGPO
906   $aBOOK
912   $a9910694423703321
996   $aAn introduction to using surface geophysics to characterize sand and gravel deposits$93542132
997   $aUNINA