LEADER 00821nam0-22002771i-450- 001 990003109920403321 035 $a000310992 035 $aFED01000310992 035 $a(Aleph)000310992FED01 035 $a000310992 100 $a20000920d--------km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $aita 102 $aIT 200 1 $aIs the Impact of Health Shocks Cushioned by Socioeconomic Status?$eThe Case of Low Birthweight$fJanet Currie, Rosemary Hyson 225 1 $aWorking paper series$fNBER$v6999 676 $a20410 702 1$aCurrie,$bJanet 702 1$aHyson,$bRosemary 801 0$aIT$bUNINA$gRICA$2UNIMARC 901 $aBK 912 $a990003109920403321 952 $aPaper$fSES 959 $aSES 996 $aIs the Impact of Health Shocks Cushioned by Socioeconomic Status$9462205 997 $aUNINA DB $aING01 LEADER 03788nam 22005535 450 001 9910639887603321 005 20251008160448.0 010 $a9783031234200$b(electronic bk.) 010 $z9783031234194 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-031-23420-0 035 $a(PPN)279386249 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7165743 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL7165743 035 $a(CKB)25913957900041 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-031-23420-0 035 $a(EXLCZ)9925913957900041 100 $a20221230d2023 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe Geography of Trade Liberalization $ePeru?s Free Trade Continuity in Comparative Perspective /$fby Omar Awapara 205 $a1st ed. 2023. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer International Publishing :$cImprint: Palgrave Macmillan,$d2023. 215 $a1 online resource (256 pages) 225 1 $aLatin American Political Economy,$x2945-7084 311 08$aPrint version: Awapara, Omar The Geography of Trade Liberalization Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 9783031234194 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $a1. Introduction -- 2. A Geography-Based Theory of Trade Policy -- 3. The Regional Impact of Free Trade: An Empirical Analysis -- 4. Trade-related protests in post reform Latin America -- 5. Geography and Trade Reform in Latin America -- 6. Conclusions. 330 $aThis book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo. Omar Awapara is Director of Political Science at UPC (Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas) and Global Instructor at the University of Arizona, the USA. 410 0$aLatin American Political Economy,$x2945-7084 606 $aInternational economic relations 606 $aGlobalization 606 $aInternational Political Economy? 606 $aGlobalization 615 0$aInternational economic relations. 615 0$aGlobalization. 615 14$aInternational Political Economy?. 615 24$aGlobalization. 676 $a382.30982 676 $a337.8 700 $aAwapara$b Omar$01274867 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 912 $a9910639887603321 996 $aThe Geography of Trade Liberalization$93003890 997 $aUNINA