LEADER 05955oam 2200817I 450 001 9910450419303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-84977-183-9 010 $a1-136-56225-7 010 $a1-280-47524-2 010 $a9786610475247 010 $a600-00-0076-6 010 $a1-4175-8314-2 024 7 $a10.4324/9781849771832 035 $a(CKB)1000000000238707 035 $a(EBL)429909 035 $a(OCoLC)58532478 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000362536 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11262510 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000362536 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10380306 035 $a(PQKB)10133891 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000192546 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11196880 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000192546 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10197592 035 $a(PQKB)10640810 035 $a(OCoLC)647501339 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC429909 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL429909 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10128869 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL47524 035 $a(OCoLC)80247538 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000238707 100 $a20180706d2005 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aLimits to privatization $ehow to avoid too much of a good thing : a report to the Club of Rome /$fedited by Ernst Ulrich von Weizsacker, Oran R. Young, Matthias Finger ; with Marianne Beisheim 210 1$aLondon ;$aSterling, Va. :$cEarthscan,$d2005. 215 $a1 online resource (429 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-84407-339-4 311 $a1-84407-177-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [383]-406) and index. 327 $aFront Cover; Limits to Privatization; Copyright Page; Contents; List of Figures; List of Boxes; Foreword by the President of the Club of Rome: Prince El Hassan Bin Talal; Preface: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsa?cker, Oran R. Young andMatthias Finger; Editors' Acknowledgements; Part I: Introduction; Limits to Privatization: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsa?cker,Oran R. Young, Matthias Finger; Part II: Privatization in Many Sectors: Case Studies and Snapshots; Initial remarks: Oran R. Young; Natural Resources and Related Industries; Water; Solving water-supply problems in Bolivia: Beyond Cochabamba: Ralf Su?dhoff 327 $aA 'waterl'eau' in Grenoble, France: Martin Stu?rmerManila: A success story turned sour: Do?rte Bernhardt; Thames Water Utilities Limited, UK: Matthias Finger andRoger Levett; Water privatization in Tanzania: : Mixed results: Ju?rgen Scheffran; Budapest sewage works: Partial privatization of a CentralEuropean utility: Alexander Juras and Todd Schenk; Management Success at Rostock, Germany: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsa?cker; Metals and Cement; Privatization of the mining sector in Zambia: The case of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM): Brenda Mofya and Brighton Lubansa 327 $aSaving Sidex Galati steel mills in Romania: Black Sea University FoundationUnion Miniere Pirdop Copper, Bulgaria: A case of privatization and the environment: Alexander Juras and Todd Schenk; Other Resources; The fight against patents on the neem tree: Vandana Shiva and Ruth Brand; The basmati patent: Ruth Brand; Privatizing nature: Plundering biodiversity: Aziz Choudry; Private forests in Germany: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsa?cker; Network Industries; Energy; Enron: Unregulated master of influence: Matthias Finger 327 $aThe price to pay for deregulation of electricity supply in California: Ruth Brand and Ju?rgen ScheffranTelecommunications and Postal Services; Telecommunications in Mexico, Uruguay and Argentina: A tale of contrasts: Jochen Boekhoff; Privatization of telecommunication in Japan: Thomas Thu?mmel and Max Thu?mmel; Privatization in outer space: Lessons from Landsat and beyond: Ju?rgen Scheffran; TPG Post: a Dutch privatization success: Matthias Finger; Transportation; British Rail: Martin Weidauer; Economics of transport and privatization: Felix R. FitzRoy; Japanese National Railways: Martin Weidauer 327 $aRegionalization as part of rail restructuring in Germany: Martin WeidauerPrivatization of the transport sector in Argentina: Tim Gu?rtler; Air New Zealand: Diwata Olalia Hunziker; Skyguide: A case of corporatization: Matthias Finger; Other Services; Waste Disposal; No time to waste: How to avoid too much of a bad thing (Germany, Malaysia): Raimund Bleischwitz and Akira Proske; Insurance; Abolishing property insurance monopolies in Germany: Thomas von Ungern-Sternberg; Culture and Media; Privatization of Italian cultural heritage: Roland Benedikter 327 $aThe Salzburg Festival: An example of public responsibility and private money: Raffaela Kluge 330 $aLimits to Privatization is the first thorough audit of privatizations from around the world. It outlines the historical emergence of globalization and liberalization, and from analyses of over 50 case studies of best- and worst-case experiences of privatization, it provides guidance for policy and action that will restore and maintain the right balance between the powers and responsibilities of the state, the private sector and the increasingly important role of civil society.The result is a book of major importance that challenges one of the orthodoxies of our day and provides a benchmark for 606 $aPrivatization 606 $aGovernment ownership 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aPrivatization. 615 0$aGovernment ownership. 676 $a338.925 701 $aFinger$b Matthias$0252302 701 $aWeizsacker$b Ernst U. von$g(Ernst Ulrich),$f1939-$0899424 701 $aYoung$b Oran R$0126788 712 02$aClub of Rome. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910450419303321 996 $aLimits to privatization$92009480 997 $aUNINA LEADER 10641nam 2200517 450 001 9910637730603321 005 20230423074951.0 010 $a9783031206870$b(electronic bk.) 010 $z9783031206863 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7165632 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL7165632 035 $a(CKB)25913865500041 035 $a(PPN)267817207 035 $a(EXLCZ)9925913865500041 100 $a20230423d2023 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aIgnition sources $efire, explosion and detonation /$fK. Ramamurthi 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2023] 210 4$dİ2023 215 $a1 online resource (206 pages) 300 $aIncludes index. 311 08$aPrint version: Ramamurthi, K. Ignition Sources Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 9783031206863 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Contents -- Nomenclature -- Greek Symbols -- Subscripts -- Superscripts -- 1 Preliminary Concepts and Introduction -- 1.1 Ignition Sources for Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.1.1 Energy Requirements -- 1.1.2 Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.1.3 Fire Triangle -- 1.1.4 Combustible: Fuel, Oxidizer, Explosive and High-Energy Material -- 1.1.5 Concentration Limits of Fuel and Oxygen to Form Fire -- 1.1.6 Confinement of Combustible -- 1.1.7 Activation Energy and Rate of Heat Release -- 1.1.8 Magnitudes of Energy Release -- 1.1.9 Ignition Sources -- 1.2 Initiation of Chemical Reactions for Fire, Explosion, and Detonation -- 1.3 Energy for Initiation -- 1.4 Phonons in the Initiation Process -- 1.5 Size of Energy Source -- 1.6 Classification of Ignition Sources -- 2 Thermal Ignition Energy Sources -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mechanical Spark -- 2.2.1 Friction Spark -- 2.2.2 Sparks During Grinding -- 2.2.3 Assessment of Energy -- 2.2.4 Incendiaries and Molten Metal -- 2.2.5 Energy Content of Spark and Energy Required for Ignition -- 2.3 Hot Surfaces -- 2.3.1 Hot Surface and Auto-Ignition -- 2.3.2 Hot Surfaces from Friction -- 2.3.3 Solar, Electrical, Radiation, and Space Heating Contributing to Hot Surface -- 2.3.4 Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Combustibles from Hot Surfaces -- 2.4 Flame for Ignition -- 2.4.1 Size of Flame to Start Fire -- 2.4.2 Size of Candle and Explosions in Coal Mines in the Days of Faraday -- 2.5 Friction at Surfaces -- 2.6 Adiabatic Compression -- 2.7 Shock Compression -- 2.8 Thermal Initiation by Impact -- 2.8.1 Low-Velocity Impact -- 2.8.2 High-Velocity Impact -- 2.9 Resonant Heating -- 2.10 Electrical Energy Contributing to Heat -- 2.10.1 Resistive Heating -- 2.10.2 Arc Heating -- 2.10.3 Peltier Heating -- 3 Chemical Ignition Energy Sources -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ignition by Catalytic Reactions. 327 $a3.3 Catalyst Bed as Ignition Source -- 3.4 Catalysts as Accidental Ignition Sources for Fires and Explosions -- 3.5 Thermite Reactions as Ignition Sources -- 3.6 Hypergolic and Pyrophoric Reactions -- 3.6.1 Pyrophoric Reactions and Difference from Hypergolic Reactions -- 3.6.2 Hypergolic Liquid Fuels and Oxidizers -- 3.6.3 Mechanism of Hypergolic Ignition -- 3.6.4 Other Hypergolic Combinations -- 4 Electrostatic Ignition Energy Sources -- 4.1 Introduction: Charges, Discharges, and Energy Release -- 4.2 Formation of Charges -- 4.2.1 Contact at Interface -- 4.2.2 Relative Motion of Interface: Rubbing and Sieving -- 4.2.3 Inductive Charging -- 4.2.4 Transfer of Charge -- 4.2.5 Formation of Charge During Fragmentation and Micronizing -- 4.2.6 Charge Formation from Piezo-Electric Effect -- 4.3 Charge and Electric Field -- 4.4 Ability of Combustible to Retain Charge: Permittivity -- 4.4.1 Units of Permittivity -- 4.5 Movement of Charges: Current Density, Mobility, and Specific Electrical Conductivity -- 4.6 Characteristic Time for Charge to be Retained: Relaxation Time -- 4.7 Different Types of Discharges -- 4.8 Breakdown and Paschen's Law -- 4.9 Charge Accumulation in the Flow of Insulating Liquid and Gaseous Combustibles -- 4.10 Electrical Discharge from Accumulated Charge in Flow of Combustible -- 4.11 Streaming Current -- 4.11.1 Charge Accumulation with Streaming Currents from Multiple Inlets and Outlets -- 4.12 Charge Accumulation in Humans -- 4.13 Energy During Discharge -- 5 Shock Waves as Ignition Sources -- 5.1 Shock Waves Initiating Detonation -- 5.2 Objects Moving at Supersonic and Hypersonic Velocities -- 5.3 Merging of Compression Waves to Form Shocks -- 5.4 Exploding Wires and Shock Formation -- 5.5 Exploding Foil and Slapper -- 6 Electromagnetic Radiation Ignition Sources -- 6.1 Electromagnetic Waves. 327 $a6.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Energy per Photon -- 6.2.1 Microwave Heating -- 6.2.2 Infrared Heating -- 6.2.3 Heating in Visible and Ultraviolet -- 6.2.4 X-Rays and Gamma Rays -- 6.3 Laser and Plasmonic Energy Absorption -- 7 Ignition Sources for Fire and Explosions in Solid Combustibles -- 7.1 Solid Fuels and Explosives -- 7.2 Initiation of Fire and Smolder in Solid Combustibles -- 7.2.1 Role of Heat Losses in the Initiation of a Fire: Confinement -- 7.2.2 High-Pressure Heat Dome -- 7.2.3 Ambient Pressure -- 7.3 Hypergolic Ignition of Solid Fuel -- 7.4 Ignition by Mechanical Work -- 7.5 Ignition of Solid Explosives -- 7.6 Confinement and Role of Heat Losses in the Ignition of Explosives -- 7.7 Heated Wire as Ignition Source -- 7.8 Intrinsic Energy Sources in the Condensed Phase -- 7.9 Pyrotechnics and Ignition -- 7.10 Strong and Weak Ignition -- 7.11 Influence of Confinement -- 7.12 Partial Confinement and Propellant Ignition -- 7.12.1 Ignition Source for a Rocket -- 7.12.2 Full Confinement for Ignition -- 7.13 Configuration of Ignition Source -- 7.14 Hang-Fire from Deficient Ignition Source -- 7.15 Ignition System for a Cartridge -- 7.16 Ignition Systems for Grenades, Shells, and Mortars -- 7.17 Thermal Response of Solid Explosives -- 7.18 Smoldering Transiting to Fire and Explosion: Flashover -- 7.19 Spontaneous Human Combustion -- 7.20 Thunderstorms and Lightning Strikes as Ignition Sources for Wild Fires -- 7.21 Ignition of Solid Fuels and Explosives having Low Melting Temperature -- 8 Ignition Sources for Detonation of Solid Explosives -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Detonation in Solid Explosives -- 8.2.1 Chapman-Jouguet, Overdriven, and Low-Velocity Detonation -- 8.3 Influence of Confinement on Initiation of Detonation -- 8.4 Initiation of Detonation by Strong Shock Waves. 327 $a8.4.1 Shock Mach Number Less than the CJ Detonation Mach Number (MS< -- MCJ) -- 8.4.2 Shock Mach Number Greater than Mach Number of CJ Detonation (MS> -- MCJ) -- 8.4.3 Low-Velocity Detonations -- 8.5 Detonator as an Ignition Energy Source -- 8.6 Initiation by Low-Velocity Impact -- 9 Ignition of Liquid Fuels and Liquid Explosives -- 9.1 Requirements for Ignition -- 9.2 Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.3 Ignition Sources for Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.3.1 Formation of Flammable Fuel Vapor-Air Mixture -- 9.3.2 Ignitability of Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.4 Ignition by Spark -- 9.4.1 Vaporization and Ignition by Heating -- 9.4.2 Wicks for Fuel Supply -- 9.4.3 Wicks for Premixed Fuel-Air Mixture -- 9.4.4 Vaporization of Droplets and Strong Spark -- 9.5 Ignition of Non-Volatile Liquid Fuels -- 9.5.1 Ignition by Hot Compressed Air in a Diesel Engine -- 9.5.2 Ignition in Ramjets and Scramjet -- 9.5.3 Ignition of Liquid Propellants in Rockets -- 9.5.4 Ignition and Popping in Liquid Propellant Rockets -- 9.5.5 Ignition Sources for Burners and Furnaces Using Heavy Fuel Oils -- 9.6 Fire and Explosion from Flowing Volatile Liquids by Electrostatic Charges -- 9.7 Explosion and Detonation of Liquid Explosives from Ingestion of Gas Bubbles -- 9.7.1 Detonation of Liquid Explosives from Gas Bubbles -- 9.8 Cavitation as an Ignition Energy Source -- 10 Ignition Sources for Gaseous Combustibles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Energy Requirements -- 10.2.1 Auto-ignition -- 10.2.2 Influence of Ambient Temperature -- 10.3 Localized Nature of Ignition: Minimum Ignition Energy -- 10.3.1 Quenching Thickness -- 10.3.2 Minimum Ignition Energy -- 10.4 Initiation of Fire in a Stagnant Combustible Gas Mixture -- 10.4.1 Stretch and Heat Loss During Ignition of Stagnant Gas -- 10.4.2 Ignition and Stretch of a Flowing Combustible Gas. 327 $a10.5 Stretch and Quenching: Requirement of Pilot Flame -- 10.6 Pilot Ignition of High-Speed Combustible Gas Flow -- 10.7 Strength of Pilot Energy Source -- 10.8 Ignition by Hot Surfaces: Steady Flow Model of Yang -- 10.9 Role of Ignition Energy Sources on Rate of Pressure Rise -- 10.9.1 Unconfined Space -- 10.9.2 Confined Space -- 10.9.3 Hard or Strong Ignition and Weak Ignition Sources -- 10.9.4 Confinement with Obstructions -- 10.10 Energy Sources for Detonations: Overdriven, CJ and Low-Velocity Detonations -- 10.10.1 Energy Requirements -- 10.11 Example of Ignition Sources Causing Burning and Detonation -- 11 Unanticipated Thermal Ignition Sources -- 11.1 Thermal Threat and Insult -- 11.2 Confinement -- 11.2.1 Explosive Charges in Confinement -- 11.3 Fast Cook-off and Slow Cook-off Tests -- 11.3.1 Fixes for Fast Cook off -- 11.3.2 Fixes for Slow Cook off -- 11.4 Volatile Liquid Fuels in Confinement: BLEVE -- 11.5 Insensitive Explosive Systems -- 12 Shock Wave and Impact Threats for Confined Solid Explosives -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nature's Way of Protection Against Adverse Environments -- 12.3 Shock Sources Causing Detonation: Sympathetic Detonation -- 12.4 High-Velocity Impact Energy Sources Causing Detonation, Explosion, and Fire -- 12.4.1 Solid Explosive in Confinement -- 12.4.2 Solid Explosive with Cavity or Bore -- 12.4.3 Bore Mitigation for Impact Threats -- 12.5 Barriers and Coatings -- 12.6 Relieving Detonation by Modifying Confinement -- 12.7 Modifying Explosive for Impact and Shock Energy Sources -- A Temperature in a Shock Wave Propagating at Constant Velocity -- B Acoustic Impedance and Confinement -- B.1 Compressibility Coefficient -- B.2 Acoustic Impedance and Shock Impedance -- B.3 Reflection and Transmission of Pressure Disturbances at Interfaces. 327 $aC Ignition and Burning of Heavy Fuel Droplets Surrounded by Oxidizing Vapor. 606 $aExplosions 606 $aFire 606 $aFire prevention 615 0$aExplosions. 615 0$aFire. 615 0$aFire prevention. 676 $a541.361 700 $aRamamurthi$b K.$0971596 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 912 $a9910637730603321 996 $aIgnition Sources$93003820 997 $aUNINA