LEADER 10676nam 2200517 450 001 9910583384903321 005 20230120002844.0 010 $a0-12-849884-6 035 $a(CKB)4100000007132859 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5589261 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL5589261 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11636718 035 $a(OCoLC)1066189732 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000007132859 100 $a20181208d2019 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aCoal and peat fires$hVolume 5$iCase studies -- advances in field and laboratory research $ea global perspective /$fedited by Glenn B. Stracher 210 1$aAmsterdam, Netherlands :$cElsevier,$d[2019] 210 4$dİ2019 215 $a1 online resource (544 pages) 311 $a0-12-849885-4 327 $aFront Cover -- Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective -- Captions for Front Cover Photos -- Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface to Volume 1 -- Preface to Volume 2 -- Preface to Volume 3 -- Preface to Volume 4 -- Preface to Volume 5 -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- 1 - The Earliest Known Uses of Coal as a Fuel: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Bronze Age Coal Fires -- 1.1 The Earliest Known Uses of Burning Coal -- Introduction -- Coal as a Fuel -- Harvesting Potential Energy -- Paleolithic and Mesolithic Coal Fires -- Southern France -- Czech Silesia -- Bronze Age Coal Fires -- China -- Wales -- Additional Occurrences -- Possible Uses of Coal for Smelting in Serbia and the Middle East -- More About Europe -- The Americas -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 2 - Coal-Fire Microarthropods From the Centralia, Pennsylvania and Healy, Alaska Mine Fires -- 2.1 Arthropods and Coal Fires -- Introduction -- The Arthropods -- Characteristics of Arthropods -- External Features -- Internal and Additional Features -- Field Methods: Collecting Microarthropods -- Collection Procedure -- Laboratory Extraction of Microarthropods -- Microscopy of Microarthropods -- Processing of Microarthropods for SEM Imaging -- Rehydration -- Dehydration -- Images of Coal-Fire Microarthropods -- Centralia Mine Fire, Pennsylvania -- Springtails -- Mites -- Thrips -- Beetles -- Beetle Larvae -- Healy Mine Fire, Alaska -- Aphids -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 3 - Coal Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania. 327 $a3.1 Coal Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania -- Introduction -- Early Mine Fires -- The Changing Anthracite Industry -- The Future -- Summary and Conclusion -- Appendix: Coal Fires -- Carbondale, Centralia, and Other Middle Period Coal Fires -- Recent Fires -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 4 - The Summit Hill Coal-Mine Fire, Pennsylvania -- 4.1 The Summit Hill Mine Fire -- Introduction -- History and Development -- The Burning Mines Fire -- Dealing with the Fire -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 5 - Modern and Ancient Coal Fires in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana -- 5.1 Coal Fires and Clinker -- Introduction -- Causes of Coal Fires -- Modern Coal Fires -- Fires in Abandoned Underground Mines -- Fires in Highwalls and Spoil Piles -- Fires in Natural Coal Outcrops -- Low-Level Smoldering of Coal Beds -- Ancient Coal Fires -- Extent of Clinker -- Methods of Dating -- Age of Clinker -- 5.2 Geologic History of Clinker in the Eastern Powder River Basin -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 6 - The Occurrence and Use of Coal Cinders in Washington State -- 6.1 The Occurrence and Use of Coal Cinders in Washington State -- Introduction -- The Use of Cinders -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 7 - The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal-Mine Waste and Stream Effects in the El Bierzo Coalfield, Spain -- 7.1 The El Bierzo Coalfield, Spain -- Introduction -- Mine-Acid Drainage -- Spontaneous Combustion of Coal Waste -- Case Study -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- Sampling -- Analytical Methods -- 7.3 Physicochemical Parameters -- Physicochemical Parameters -- 7.4 Minor and Trace Element Concentrations -- Minor and Trace Element Concentrations -- 7.5 Surface Water Quality -- Surface Water Quality -- 7.6 Sources of Contamination. 327 $aPotential Sources of Contamination -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 8 - Analyzing the Status of Thermal Events in Longwall Coal Mine Gobs -- 8.1 Thermal Accidents in Underground Coal Mines -- Introduction -- Mining Hazards -- 8.2 Spontaneous Combustion of Longwall Gob -- Introduction -- Three Zones in Coal-Mine Gob -- Nonspontaneous Combustion Zone -- Spontaneous Combustion Zone -- Suffocation Zone -- Gob Zones and Air-Flow Velocity -- Gob Zones and Oxygen Concentration -- 8.3 Fire Ratios and Indicators -- Introduction -- Graham's Ratio -- Trickett's Ratio -- Relative Intensity -- Litton Ratio -- Hydrocarbon Ratio -- 8.4 Explosibility Analysis of Mining Atmospheres -- Introduction -- Tertiary Diagrams -- Revised Le Chatelier's Rule -- Maximum Allowable Oxygen Analysis -- U.S. Bureau of Mines Explosibility Diagram -- Coward Explosibility Triangle -- Kukuczka Method -- Mine-Gas Distribution Patterns -- Longwall Mining Gob Experiment -- The Datong Mine -- The Experimental Model -- Air Velocity and Gas Release Rates -- Results and Discussion -- Gas Distribution in the Gob -- Gas Distribution in Overlying Strata -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 9 - Gases Generated During the Low-Temperature Oxidation and Pyrolysis of Coal and the Effects on Methane-Air Flammable Limits -- 9.1 Gases Generated During Low-Temperature Oxidation and Pyrolysis -- Introduction -- Experimental Conditions -- Gas Production Rates -- Gas Generation During Oxidation and Pyrolysis -- Oxidation and Spontaneous Combustion Gases -- Discussion -- 9.2 Gas Effects on Methane-Air Flammable Limits -- Introduction -- Experiment Conditions -- Flammable Limits -- Explosive Risk Value F -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References. 327 $a10 - Determination of the Characteristics of Coal-Spontaneous Combustion and the Danger Zone -- 10.1 Coal-Spontaneous Combustion Analysis -- Introduction -- Coal Samples -- Experimental Apparatus -- Gas Concentration -- Oxygen Consumption Rate -- Heat Energy Release -- Limiting Parameters: Mined-Out Area -- Discussion -- 10.2 The Danger Zone: Determining Coal-Spontaneous Combustion -- The 3006-Working Face in the Hebi Coal Mine -- In Situ Observation -- Danger Zone Determination -- Three Zone Determination: Mined-Out Area -- Determination of Danger Zone: Mined-Out Area -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Additional Reading -- 11 - Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Coal Fires: Xinjiang Province, China -- 11.1 Coal Fire Pollutants -- Introduction -- Analytical Methods -- Programmed Heating-Oxidation -- Thermogravimetric Analysis -- Thermodynamic Simulations -- Results and Discussion -- FactSage Modeling -- 11.2 Migration of Heavy Metals in Soil Affected by Coal Fires -- Introduction -- Analytical Methods -- Soil Sampling -- Experimental Apparatus and Reagents -- Isothermal Adsorption and Desorption -- Soil Column Construction -- Leachate Setting -- Leaching Test -- Results and Discussion -- Adsorption Characteristics -- Desorption Characteristics -- Accumulated Amount and Rate of Arsenic Release -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Colloid Technology for Preventing and Extinguishing the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal -- 12.1 Colloidal Technology for Fighting the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal -- Introduction -- Colloidal Mitigation of Spontaneous Combustion -- Colloid Composition and Classification -- Colloid Composition -- Colloid Classification -- Colloid Properties for Preventing Combustion -- Control of Gelation Time -- Water Retention Capacity -- Pressure Resistance -- Permeability. 327 $aHeat Energy Absorption -- Temperature Tolerance -- Drag Reduction -- Chemical Resistant Effect -- 12.2 Gel for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Continuous Injection System -- Purpose -- 12.3 Thickened Colloid for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Purpose -- 12.4 Composite Colloid for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Equipment Features and Applicability -- Ground Compaction and Injection -- Preparation and Injection Technique -- Equipment Features and Applicability -- 12.5 Case Study -- No. 4 Coal Seam Fires in Baoding, Panzhihua -- Coal-Fire Detection -- Radon -- Drilling Process -- Injection Technique -- Treatment Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 - Crystallochemical Behavior of Slag Minerals and the Occurrence of Potentially New Mineral Species From Lapanouse-de-Se?ve?rac, France -- 13.1 Slag and Potentially New Minerals From Lapanouse-de-Se?ve?rac, France -- Introduction -- Previous Research -- 13.2 Analyses and Materials Description -- Rock Characteristics -- Analytical Methods -- Rock Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry -- Anhydrite (CaSO4) -- Alkali Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) -- Apatite Supergroup (Ca5(PO4,SiO4,VO4,SO4)3(F,OH,O,Cl)) -- Calcium Ferrites (Mainly Srebrodolskite, Ca2Fe2O5) -- Cancrinite Group (Approximately (Na,Ca,K)7-8(Al,Si)10-12O22-24(SO4,PO4)[(1-x)-2]·nH2O) -- Clinopyroxene Subgroup (Diopside-Esseneite-Hedenbergite (Ca(Mg,Fe3+,Fe2+)(Si,Al)2O6) -- Cuspidine (Ca4(Si2O7)F2) -- Ettringite Group (Ca3[(Si,Al)(OH)6](SO4,CO3)2·12H2O) -- Garnet Group (Andradite, Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3) -- Hematite (Fe2O3) -- Larnite (Ca2SiO4) -- Leucite (KAlSi2O6) -- Melilite Group (Ca2(Al,Mg,Fe3+)(Al,Si)(Si,Al)O7) and Related Species -- Nepheline ((Na,K)AlSiO4) -- Oldhamite (CaS) -- Olivine Group ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4). 327 $aPerovskite (CaTiO3). 606 $aCoal 606 $aPeatland animals 606 $aCoal$xGeology 615 0$aCoal. 615 0$aPeatland animals. 615 0$aCoal$xGeology. 676 $a662.62 702 $aStracher$b Glenn B. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910583384903321 996 $aCoal and peat fires$92079067 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05029nam 22007815 450 001 9910483193303321 005 20251116165637.0 010 $a3-642-38679-2 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-642-38679-4 035 $a(CKB)2560000000105656 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-642-38679-4 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000936343 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11536213 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000936343 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10963079 035 $a(PQKB)11235253 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3093005 035 $a(PPN)170492540 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000105656 100 $a20130622d2013 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn|008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aAdvances in Computational Intelligence $e12th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2013, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, June 12-14, 2013, Proceedings, Part I /$fedited by Ignacio Rojas, Gonzalo Joya, Joan Cabestany 205 $a1st ed. 2013. 210 1$aBerlin, Heidelberg :$cSpringer Berlin Heidelberg :$cImprint: Springer,$d2013. 215 $a1 online resource (XXVIII, 661 p. 228 illus.) 225 1 $aTheoretical Computer Science and General Issues,$x2512-2029 ;$v7902 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a3-642-38678-4 327 $aIt?s as Easy as ABC: Introducing Anthropology-Based Computing -- Extreme Learning Machine: A Robust Modeling Technique? Yes! -- A Novel Framework to Design Fuzzy Rule-Based Ensembles Using Diversity Induction and Evolutionary Algorithms-Based Classifier Selection and Fusion -- Using Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction to Visualize Classifiers -- Which Dissimilarity Is to Be Used When Extracting Typologies in Sequence Analysis? A Comparative Study -- Implementation of the C-Mantec Neural Network Constructive Algorithm in an Arduino Uno Microcontroller -- A Constructive Neural Network to Predict Pitting Corrosion Status of Stainless Steel -- Robust Sensor and Actuator Fault Diagnosis with GMDH Neural Networks -- Diffusion Methods for Wind Power Ramp Detection -- Computational Study Based on Supervised Neural Architectures for Fluorescence Detection of Fungicides -- Study of Alternative Strategies to Selection of Peer in P2P Wireless Mesh Networks -- A Cloud-Based Neural Network Simulation Environment -- Performance Evaluation over Indoor Channels of an Unsupervised Decision-Aided Method for OSTBC Systems -- On Second Language Tutoring through Womb Grammars -- Simulated Annealing for Real-Time Vertical-Handoff in Wireless Networks -- Ant Colony Optimization Inspired Algorithm for 3D Object Segmentation -- Alternative OVA Proposals for Cooperative Competitive RBFN Design in Classification Tasks -- A Genetic Algorithms-Based Approach for Optimizing Similarity Aggregation in Ontology Matching -- Self-organized Learning by Self-Enforcing Networks. 330 $aThis two-volume set LNCS 7902 and 7903 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2013, held in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, in June 2013. The 116 revised papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for presentation in two volumes. The papers explore sections on mathematical and theoretical methods in computational intelligence, neurocomputational formulations, learning and adaptation emulation of cognitive functions, bio-inspired systems and neuro-engineering, advanced topics in computational intelligence and applications. 410 0$aTheoretical Computer Science and General Issues,$x2512-2029 ;$v7902 606 $aBioinformatics 606 $aPattern recognition systems 606 $aArtificial intelligence 606 $aData mining 606 $aComputer science 606 $aComputational and Systems Biology 606 $aAutomated Pattern Recognition 606 $aArtificial Intelligence 606 $aData Mining and Knowledge Discovery 606 $aModels of Computation 606 $aBioinformatics 615 0$aBioinformatics. 615 0$aPattern recognition systems. 615 0$aArtificial intelligence. 615 0$aData mining. 615 0$aComputer science. 615 14$aComputational and Systems Biology. 615 24$aAutomated Pattern Recognition. 615 24$aArtificial Intelligence. 615 24$aData Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 615 24$aModels of Computation. 615 24$aBioinformatics. 676 $a006.3 702 $aRojas$b Ignacio$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 702 $aJoya$b Gonzalo$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 702 $aCabestany$b Joan$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910483193303321 996 $aAdvances in Computational Intelligence$94209925 997 $aUNINA