LEADER 03499nam 2200841z- 450 001 9910566460203321 005 20231214133226.0 035 $a(CKB)5680000000037779 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/81016 035 $a(EXLCZ)995680000000037779 100 $a20202205d2022 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aResearch on Cosmic Rays and Their Impact on Human Activities 210 $aBasel$cMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute$d2022 215 $a1 electronic resource (140 p.) 311 $a3-0365-3857-7 311 $a3-0365-3858-5 330 $aThe galactic cosmic?ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the ?direct detection? of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the ?indirect detection? of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic?ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic?ray detection are reported. 606 $aResearch & information: general$2bicssc 606 $aMathematics & science$2bicssc 610 $acosmic rays 610 $aExtensive Air Showers 610 $aparticle detectors 610 $aCosmic Ray Ensembles 610 $aionosphere 610 $aELF/VLF waves 610 $aenergetic electron precipitations 610 $astorm-time feature 610 $aCSES 610 $atrapped particles 610 $aSouth Atlantic Anomaly 610 $aAE9/AP9/SPM models 610 $aradiation belts 610 $aPoisson data 610 $atime series 610 $aquasi-Gaussian filter 610 $adigital filtering 610 $aoptimization 610 $aglobal minimization 610 $aannealing simulation algorithm 610 $aspace weather 610 $ageomagnetic storms 610 $aLEO satellites 610 $adigital gamma-rays spectrometer 610 $acosmic veto 610 $aactive shield 610 $amuons 610 $amuon flux periodicity 610 $aatmospheric neutrons 610 $aradiation dose 610 $apassengers and flight crew 610 $aultrathin calorimeter 610 $adirect measurements 610 $aenergy reconstruction 610 $aPAMELA 610 $ashower development universality 610 $acosmic ray physics 610 $amulti-messenger astrophysics 610 $aextensive air showers 615 7$aResearch & information: general 615 7$aMathematics & science 700 $aSparvoli$b Roberta$4edt$01328522 702 $aMartucci$b Matteo$4edt 702 $aSparvoli$b Roberta$4oth 702 $aMartucci$b Matteo$4oth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910566460203321 996 $aResearch on Cosmic Rays and Their Impact on Human Activities$93038643 997 $aUNINA