LEADER 03871nam 2200505z- 450 001 9910557734803321 005 20231214133615.0 035 $a(CKB)5400000000045995 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/73727 035 $a(EXLCZ)995400000000045995 100 $a20202111d2020 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aNeuromodulatory Control of Brainstem Function in Health and Disease 210 $cFrontiers Media SA$d2020 215 $a1 electronic resource (449 p.) 311 $a2-88963-575-9 330 $aThe brainstem is a conduit connecting higher brain centers, cerebellum and spinal cord and provides the main sensory and motor innervation to the face, head and neck via the cranial nerves. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of respiration, locomotion, posture, balance, arousal (alertness, awareness and consciousness), sensory information processing (nociception, etc.), autonomic functions (including control of bowel, bladder, blood pressure and heart rate) and is responsible for the regulation of numerous reflexes including swallowing, coughing and vomiting. It is controlled by higher brain centers originating from cortical and subcortical regions including the basal ganglia and diencephalon as well as feedback loops from the cerebellum and spinal cord. A modulatory control of brainstem output can be accomplished by affecting individual neurons and consequently, the operation of neural microcircuits and behavior. This is achieved by altering cellular excitability, synaptic transmission (release probability, postsynaptic receptor responsiveness, thus altering synaptic strength and efficacy) and network properties. Such dynamic control provides flexibility of the nervous system to adapt neural output according to the functional requirements and/or demands of the individual to achieve the desired behavioral state in a changing environment. Neuromodulation can be achieved by the ?classical? neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) by primary excitation and inhibition of the ?anatomical network?, but can also be achieved through the use of transmitters acting on G- protein coupled receptors. Such neuromodulators include the monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine), acetylcholine, but also glutamate and GABA. In addition, neuropeptides and purines act as neuromodulators. Other chemical mediators such as nitric oxide and growth factors may also have similar actions. The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic neuromodulatory systems affecting brainstem function from the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological perspective and to emphasize how these advances strengthen, modify or challenge existing conceptual models of sensorimotor and autonomic control. 606 $aScience: general issues$2bicssc 606 $aNeurosciences$2bicssc 610 $abrainstem 610 $aneuromodulation 610 $alocomotion 610 $aneurotransmitters and motor control 610 $aautonomic function 610 $aspinal cord injury 610 $amovement-related disorders 610 $apain 615 7$aScience: general issues 615 7$aNeurosciences 700 $aNoga$b Brian R$4edt$01287918 702 $aLebedev$b Mikhail$4edt 702 $aOpris$b Ioan$4edt 702 $aMitchell$b Gordon S$4edt 702 $aNoga$b Brian R$4oth 702 $aLebedev$b Mikhail$4oth 702 $aOpris$b Ioan$4oth 702 $aMitchell$b Gordon S$4oth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910557734803321 996 $aNeuromodulatory Control of Brainstem Function in Health and Disease$93020561 997 $aUNINA