LEADER 11049nam 2200529 450 001 9910554846103321 005 20221104094519.0 010 $a1-119-80089-7 010 $a1-119-80087-0 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6931167 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6931167 035 $a(CKB)21410032600041 035 $a(EXLCZ)9921410032600041 100 $a20221104d2022 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aPlastic and microplastic in the environment $emanagement and health risks /$fedited by Arif Ahamad, Pardeep Singh, and Dhanesh Tiwary 210 1$aHoboken, New Jersey :$cJohn Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,$d[2022] 210 4$d©2022 215 $a1 online resource (320 pages) 311 08$aPrint version: Ahamad, Arif Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2022 9781119800781 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Microplastic -- 1.2.1 Primary Sources -- 1.2.1.1 Microplastics from Personal Care Products -- 1.2.1.2 Microplastics from Plastic Resins -- 1.2.2 Secondary Sources -- 1.2.2.1 Microplastics from Degradation of Plastic Debris -- 1.2.2.2 Microplastics from Textile and Domestic Washing -- 1.3 Pathways of Microplastics into Freshwater Environments -- 1.4 Microplastic Analytical Methods in Freshwater -- 1.4.1 Sampling of Microplastic -- 1.4.1.1 Water Samples -- 1.4.1.2 Sediment Samples -- 1.4.2 Sample Preparation -- 1.4.2.1 Extraction of Microplastics -- 1.4.2.2 Removal of Organic Debris -- 1.4.3 Identification of Microplastic -- 1.4.3.1 Visual Sorting -- 1.4.3.2 Identification of Microplastics by Chemical Composition -- 1.5 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Environments -- 1.5.1 Microplastic in Lakes -- 1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments - With Special Focus on the Indian Scenario -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nature and Production of Microplastics -- 2.3 Global Ecological Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.4 Socio-Economic Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.5 Freshwater Plastic Pollution -- 2.5.1 Sources of Freshwater Microplastics -- 2.5.2 Studies on Freshwater Plastic Pollution from around the World -- 2.5.3 The Problem of Freshwater Microplastics in Developing Countries -- 2.5.4 Status of India's Freshwater Plastic Problem -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Food Web: : Its Impact on Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction. 327 $a3.1.1 Microplastic in the Marine Food Web -- 3.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Primary Producers -- 3.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Consumers -- 3.1.4 Associated Risk -- 3.2 Human Health Implication -- 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Microplastic in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health Implications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources and Food-Chain Entry -- 4.3 Human Health Implications -- 4.3.1 Digestive System -- 4.3.2 Respiratory System -- 4.3.3 Nervous System -- 4.3.4 Placental Barrier -- 4.3.5 Other Health Impacts -- 4.4 Future Directions and Plausible Solutions -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Interactions of Microplastics Toward an Ecological Risk in Soil Diversity: An Appraisal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microplastic-Types and Properties -- 5.3 Microplastic Sources and Accumulation in Soil and Sediments -- 5.4 Migration of Microplastics' Fate in Environment -- 5.5 Migration of Microplastics through Soil -- 5.6 Soil Analysis Methodology -- 5.7 Collection of Samples -- 5.8 Sample Preparation -- 5.8.1 Drying -- 5.8.2 Sieving -- 5.8.3 Soil Aggregates Dismantling and Density Separation -- 5.8.4 Removing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) -- 5.8.5.1 Microscopy -- 5.8.5.2 Spectroscopy -- 5.8.5.3 Thermoanalysis -- 5.8.5 Microplastics Quantification -- 5.9 Interactions and Impacts on Soil Diversity -- 5.9.1 Soil Properties -- 5.9.2 Soil Microbial Activity -- 5.9.3 Microplastics Entered Via Food Chains -- 5.9.4 The Effect of MPs on Soil Animals -- 5.9.5 The Effect of MPs on Plants -- 5.10 Ecotoxicology of Microplastic -- 5.11 Mitigation Process of Microplastics -- 5.11.1 Biological Methods -- 5.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Air and Their Associated Health Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Physical Characteristics. 327 $a6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics -- 6.2.3 Sources and Generation -- 6.2.4 Fate and Dispersion -- 6.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 6.3.1 Sampling and Analysis -- 6.3.2 Atmospheric Abundance of Microplastics -- 6.4 Health Impacts of Microplastics -- 6.4.1 Routes of Exposure and Interaction with Body Tissues -- 6.4.2 Health Impacts -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Plastic Marine Litter in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Current Research Trends and Management Strategies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Analysis of Marine Litter Research Trends in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea Countries -- 7.3 Microplastics Abundance in the Marine Environment of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries -- 7.4 Microplastics Characterization and Identification Techniques -- 7.5 Microplastics in Coastal Areas Affected by Rivers -- 7.6 Socioeconomic Impact of Plastic Marine Litter and Reduction Approaches -- 7.7 Knowledge Gaps and Recommendation for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 8 Advanced Detection Techniques for Microplastics in Different Environmental Media -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Selection of Criteria and Search for Articles -- 8.2.2 Item Selection -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Sampling Techniques in Different Marine Environments -- 8.3.1.1 Seawater -- 8.3.1.2 Sea Sediments -- 8.3.1.3 Beaches -- 8.3.1.4 Mangroves -- 8.3.1.5 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.1.6 Marine Vegetation -- 8.3.2 Sample Processing in Laboratory -- 8.3.2.1 Water -- 8.3.2.2 Sediments -- 8.3.2.3 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.2.4 Marine Vegetation -- 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics. 327 $a9.3 Current Status of Conventional Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Plastics -- 9.4.1 Advantages -- 9.4.2 Disadvantages -- 9.5 Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.6 How Plastic Degrades -- 9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Based Plastics -- 9.8 National and International Agreements and Conventions to Control Use of Plastics -- 9.9 The Future of Plastics -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodegradable Plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities toward Green Sustainable Development -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 The Environmental Impact of Conventional Plastics -- 10.1.2 Classification and Types of Biopolymers -- 10.2 Biopolymers of Microbial Systems -- 10.2.1 Microbial Polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Protein Polymers -- 10.2.3 The Microbial Polysaccharides -- 10.2.3.1 Bacterial Cellulose -- 10.2.3.2 Xanthan -- 10.2.3.3 Dextrans: Phullan and Glucans -- 10.3 Biopolymers of Plants and Higher Organisms -- 10.3.1 Starch -- 10.3.2 Cellulose -- 10.3.3 Lignin -- 10.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan -- 10.3.5 Polylactic Acid -- 10.3.5.1 Properties of PLA -- 10.3.5.2 Improvements in PLA -- 10.3.5.3 Application -- 10.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation of Bio-plastics and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.5 Future Aspects and Challenges for Development of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling -- 11.1 Introduction: The Pollution Problem Involving Plastic -- 11.2 Sources, Types, and Transportation of Plastics in the Environment -- 11.2.1 Plastics Sources and Types -- 11.2.2 Plastic Transportation in Aquatic Environments -- 11.3 An Introduction to Waste Management -- 11.3.1 Plastic Waste Treatment. 327 $a11.4 Plastic Recycling Systems -- 11.4.1 Recovery -- 11.4.2 Preparation -- 11.4.3 Primary Recycling -- 11.4.4 Energy Recovery -- 11.4.5 Mechanical Recycling -- 11.4.5.1 Sorting/Separating -- 11.4.5.2 Electrostatic Separation -- 11.4.5.3 Manual Sorting -- 11.4.5.4 Sink Float Method -- 11.4.5.5 Plastic Identification -- 11.4.5.6 Shredding -- 11.4.5.7 Agglomeration -- 11.4.5.8 Washing/Cleaning -- 11.4.6 Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Pollutants -- 11.4.7 Reuse and Re-stabilization -- 11.5 Latest Industry Trends and a Future Perspective -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Microbial Degradation of Micro-Plastics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plastic Categorization Based on Biodegradability -- 12.2.1 Non-biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.3 Biosynthetic Plastics -- 12.2.4 Blended Plastics -- 12.2.5 Biocomposite Polymers -- 12.3 Microplastics Cycling into the Environment -- 12.4 Microorganisms and Interactions with Microplastics -- 12.5 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Microplastics -- 12.6 Mechanisms of Microplastic Biodegradation -- 12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Plastics -- 13.2.1 Types of Plastics -- 13.2.2 Plastic Bags -- 13.2.3 Plastic Waste -- 13.2.4 Recycling and Disposal -- 13.2.5 Indian Scenario -- 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 13.3.1 Phases of LCA -- 13.3.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 13.3.1.2 Inventory Analysis -- 13.3.1.3 Impact Assessment -- 13.3.1.4 Interpretation -- 13.3.2 Importance of LCA -- 13.3.3 LCA for Plastics -- 13.4 Plastics Sustainability by LCA -- 13.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Role of Education and Society in Dealing Plastic Pollution in the Future -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Consumption -- 14.3 Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution. 327 $a14.4 Plastic Pollution in Natural Environments. 606 $aPlastics 606 $aPlastic scrap 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aPlastics. 615 0$aPlastic scrap. 676 $a363.738 702 $aSingh$b Pardeep 702 $aAhamad$b Arif 702 $aTiwari$b Dhanesh 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910554846103321 996 $aPlastic and microplastic in the environment$92962872 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05873nam 22007213 450 001 9910886376403321 005 20230421184549.0 010 $a0-309-68424-2 010 $a0-309-68418-8 035 $a(OCoLC)1306063481 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6922450 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6922450 035 $a(CKB)21397538400041 035 $a(EXLCZ)9921397538400041 100 $a20220317d2022 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aScience and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades $eThe Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cNational Academies Press,$d2022. 210 4$d©2022. 215 $a1 online resource (337 pages) 311 $a0-309-68417-X 327 $aFront Matter -- Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preschool and Elementary Systems and Structures -- 3. The Contextual Nature of Children's Learning -- 4. Developing Children's Proficiency in and Through Investigation and Design -- 5. Learning Environments and Instructional Practices That Center Children, Investigation, and Design -- 6. The Potentials and Pitfalls of Integrating Across Domains -- 7. The Role of Curriculum Materials and Instructional Resources -- 8. Supporting Educators to Center Children, Investigation, and Design -- 9. Transformative Leadership -- 10. Progressing Toward a Vision for Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades -- References -- Appendix Biosketches of Committee Members and Staff. 330 $a"Starting in early childhood, children are capable of learning sophisticated science and engineering concepts and engage in disciplinary practices. They are deeply curious about the world around them and eager to investigate the many questions they have about their environment. Educators can develop learning environments that support the development and demonstration of proficiencies in science and engineering, including making connections across the contexts of learning, which can help children see their ideas, interests, and practices as meaningful not just for school, but also in their lives. Unfortunately, in many preschool and elementary schools science gets relatively little attention compared to English language arts and mathematics. In addition, many early childhood and elementary teachers do not have extensive grounding in science and engineering content. Science and Engineering in Preschool through Elementary Grades provides evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction that supports the success of all students. This report evaluates the state of the evidence on learning experiences prior to school; promising instructional approaches and what is needed for implementation to include teacher professional development, curriculum, and instructional materials; and the policies and practices at all levels that constrain or facilitate efforts to enhance preschool through elementary science and engineering. Building a solid foundation in science and engineering in the elementary grades sets the stage for later success, both by sustaining and enhancing students' natural enthusiasm for science and engineering and by establishing the knowledge and skills they need to approach the more challenging topics introduced in later grades. Through evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction, this report will help teachers to support the success of all students." --$cProvided by publisher 606 $aScience$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$zUnited States 606 $aMathematics$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$zUnited States 606 $aEngineering$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$zUnited States 606 $aScience$zUnited States$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 606 $aMathematics$zUnited States$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 606 $aEngineering$zUnited States$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 606 $aSciences$xE?tude et enseignement (Primaire)$zE?tats-Unis 606 $aInge?nierie$xE?tude et enseignement (Primaire)$zE?tats-Unis 606 $aEngineering$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$2fast$3(OCoLC)fst00910430 606 $aMathematics$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$2fast$3(OCoLC)fst01012272 606 $aScience$xStudy and teaching (Elementary)$2fast$3(OCoLC)fst01108436 607 $aUnited States$2fast 615 0$aScience$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 615 0$aMathematics$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 615 0$aEngineering$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 615 0$aScience$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 615 0$aMathematics$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 615 0$aEngineering$xStudy and teaching (Kindergarten) 615 6$aSciences$xE?tude et enseignement (Primaire) 615 6$aInge?nierie$xE?tude et enseignement (Primaire) 615 7$aEngineering$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 615 7$aMathematics$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 615 7$aScience$xStudy and teaching (Elementary) 700 $aNational Academies of Sciences$b Engineering, and Medicine$01596851 701 $aEducation$b Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and$01731314 701 $aEducation$b Board on Science$01741144 701 $aGrades$b Committee on Enhancing Science and Engineering in Prekindergarten Through Fifth$01769955 701 $aStephens$b Amy$01769956 701 $aDavis$b Elizabeth A$0175484 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910886376403321 996 $aScience and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades$94245510 997 $aUNINA