LEADER 00778nam0-22002891i-450- 001 990001276180403321 005 20070611135437.0 035 $a000127618 035 $aFED01000127618 035 $a(Aleph)000127618FED01 035 $a000127618 100 $a20001205d1984----km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $afre 200 1 $aVarietes de langages formels$fby Pin 210 $aParis [etc.]$cMasson$d1984 215 $aEtudes et recherches on informatique 610 0 $aTeoria della computazione 700 1$aPin,$bJean-Eric$0284004 801 0$aIT$bUNINA$gRICA$2UNIMARC 901 $aBK 912 $a990001276180403321 952 $a6-B-11$b625$fMA1 959 $aMA1 962 $a68Q45 962 $a68-02 996 $aVarietes de langages formels$9380468 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03252 am 2200769 n 450 001 9910495943103321 005 20210122 010 $a2-918783-23-4 035 $a(CKB)4100000011803987 035 $a(FrMaCLE)OB-codex-1039 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/87350 035 $a(PPN)254699189 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011803987 100 $a20210325j|||||||| ||| 0 101 0 $afre 135 $auu||||||m|||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aSaint-Nazaire, les Américains et la guerre totale $e(1917-1919) /$fErwan Le Gall 210 $aBruz $cÉditions Codex$d2021 215 $a1 online resource (270 p.) 225 1 $aUne plus Grande Guerre 311 $a2-918783-12-9 330 $aDans la matinée du 26 juin 1917, alors que les premiers contingents du corps expéditionnaire américain débarquent à Saint-Nazaire, la Première Guerre mondiale entre dans une dimension nouvelle. Avec l?arrivée de ceux que l?on nomme les Doughboys, le conflit achève de se globaliser, exigeant toujours plus de chacun des belligérants. Cette réalité, c?est celle d?une guerre que l?on dit « totale » et c?est précisément ce que souhaite interroger cet ouvrage. En examinant finement, à l?échelle de la région de Saint-Nazaire, les conséquences de la présence américaine entre 1917 et 1919, Erwan Le Gall plonge aux sources de l?idée de guerre « totale », rappelant que celle-ci est moins une vérité observée qu?un appel vers un absolu pour une mobilisation toujours plus complète de la sphère civile au service de l?armée. Or des discours aux actes, il y a parfois un gouffre. C?est ainsi que certains acteurs paraissent s?accommoder fort bien du conflit, à condition que celui-ci ne nuise pas à leurs intérêts propres. 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Introduction; II. Empirical Strategy and Data; A. Empirical Strategy; B. Additional Methodological Issues; C. Data and Summary Statistics; III. Results; A. Trade and Volatility within a Sector; B. Trade and Sector Comovement; C. Trade and Specialization; IV. The Impact on Aggregate Volatility; A. The Relationship between Each Channel and the Aggregate Volatility; B. The Impact Across Countries and Over Time; C. Country Characteristics and the Impact on Aggregate Volatility; D. Changes in the Impact on Aggregate Volatility Across Decades; V. Conclusion; Appendices 327 $aI. Sector-Level Gravity-Based InstrumentII. The Symmetry Assumption; Text Tables; 1. Volatility of Annual Output Growth per Worker: Cross-Sectional Results; 2. Volatility of Annual Output Growth per Worker: Panel Results; 3. Volatility of Annual Growth of Quantity per Worker and of Prices: Cross-Sectional Results; 4. Volatility of Annual Growth of Quantity per Worker and of Prices: Cross-Sectional Results; 5. Correlation of Annual Output Growth per Worker with the Rest of the Manufacturing Section: Cross-Section Results 327 $a6. Correlation of Annual Output Growth per Worker with the Rest of the Manufacturing Section: Panel Results7. Correlation of Annual Growth of Quantity per Worker and of Prices with Rest of the Manufacturing Section: Cross-Sectional Results; 8. Specialization and Trade Openness at the Country Level; 9. Volatility, Correlation and Specialization Coefficients Across Decades; 10. Cross-Country and Cross-Decade Impacts of Changes in Openness; 11. The Impact of Changes in Openness Evaluated at Different Percentiles of the Data; Text Figures; 1. Volatility and Openness in the 1990's 327 $a2. Comparison of Manufacturing and Aggregate Volatility3. Manufacturing Output Volatility and Openness; 4. Trade and Specialization; Appendix Tables; A1. Country Summary Statistics: 1970-99; A2. Sector Summary Statistics: 1970-99; A3. Volatility of Annual Output Growth per Worker: Cross-Sectional Robustness Results; A4. Volatility of Annual Output Growth per Worker: Panel Robustness Results; A5. Correlation of Annual Output Growth per Worker with Rest of the Manufacturing Sector: Cross-Sectional Robustness 327 $aA6. Correlation of Annual Output Growth per Worker with Rest of the Manufacturing Sector: Panel Robustness ResultsA7. Specialization and Trade Openness at the Country Level: Robustness Results; Appendix Figure; A1. Sector-Level Gravity Coefficients; References 330 3 $aThis paper examines the mechanisms through which output volatility is related to trade openness using an industry-level panel dataset of manufacturing production and trade. The main results are threefold. First, sectors more open to international trade are more volatile. Second, trade is accompanied by increased specialization. Third, sectors that are more open are less correlated with the rest of the economy. The point estimates indicate that each of the three effects has an appreciable impact on aggregate volatility. Added together they imply that the relationship between trade openness and overall volatility is positive and economically significant. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2008/146 606 $aInternational trade$xEconometric models 606 $aFinancial crises$xEconometric models 606 $aIndustrial productivity$xEconometric models 606 $aEconometrics$2imf 606 $aExports and Imports$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aIndustries: Manufacturing$2imf 606 $aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General$2imf 606 $aIndustry Studies: Manufacturing: General$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics: Production$2imf 606 $aEconometric Modeling: General$2imf 606 $aEmpirical Studies of Trade$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aManufacturing industries$2imf 606 $aEconometrics & economic statistics$2imf 606 $aInternational economics$2imf 606 $aPublic expenditure review$2imf 606 $aManufacturing$2imf 606 $aProduction growth$2imf 606 $aGravity models$2imf 606 $aTrade balance$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 606 $aProduction$2imf 606 $aEconomic theory$2imf 606 $aEconometric models$2imf 606 $aBalance of trade$2imf 607 $aUnited States$2imf 615 0$aInternational trade$xEconometric models. 615 0$aFinancial crises$xEconometric models. 615 0$aIndustrial productivity$xEconometric models. 615 7$aEconometrics 615 7$aExports and Imports 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aIndustries: Manufacturing 615 7$aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General 615 7$aIndustry Studies: Manufacturing: General 615 7$aMacroeconomics: Production 615 7$aEconometric Modeling: General 615 7$aEmpirical Studies of Trade 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aManufacturing industries 615 7$aEconometrics & economic statistics 615 7$aInternational economics 615 7$aPublic expenditure review 615 7$aManufacturing 615 7$aProduction growth 615 7$aGravity models 615 7$aTrade balance 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 615 7$aProduction 615 7$aEconomic theory 615 7$aEconometric models 615 7$aBalance of trade 700 $aLevchenko$b Andrei$01143204 701 $aDi Giovanni$b Julian$01463978 712 02$aInternational Monetary Fund.$bResearch Dept. 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910788235503321 996 $aTrade Openness and Volatility$93704184 997 $aUNINA