LEADER 03221 am 2200445 n 450 001 9910495933903321 005 20210208 010 $a2-940600-23-6 024 7 $a10.4000/books.iheid.8097 035 $a(CKB)5590000000434875 035 $a(FrMaCLE)OB-iheid-8097 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/85476 035 $a(PPN)254146511 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000434875 100 $a20210209j|||||||| ||| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $auu||||||m|||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aToo Complex or Too Ambitious? $eExploring Hurdles in the Enforcement of EU Free Trade Agreements /$fLeopoldo Biffi 210 $aGeneva $cGraduate Institute Publications$d2021 225 1 $aeCahiers de l?Institut 330 $aThis ePaper looks at the recent politics of EU trade, and specifically at the political hurdles characterising the enforcement of free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated by the European Commission. It argues that civil society advocacy groups have played a key, yet undertheorised, role in accounting for the recent politicisation of a number of EU FTAs, which has often translated into obstacles to ratification. The TTIP, the CETA, and the EU-Mercosur FTA constitute relevant examples. The analysis privileges a Commission standpoint, conceiving ratification hurdles as public-management issues tackled by Brussels in view of rescuing its trade-policy mandate from domestic vetoes. We argue that the Commission is particularly compelled to implement FTA reviews and safeguards when advocacy concerns are endorsed by official-level policy actors like the European Parliament, enjoying ultimate veto powers. In a final step, the research also enquires into the narrower reality of mixed FTAs, focusing on the case study of the CETA. In this regard, it suggests that prolonged national-level ratification poses no extraordinary obstacle to the Commission, as treaty enforcement is aided by lock-in dynamics involving both official-level and civil-society veto players ? even in the absence of full de jure ratification. We conclude that, while the above ratification obstacles have been addressed by the Commission on an ad hoc basis, as contingent policy issues, their prolonged occurrence suggests that they will need to be tackled more systematically in the future. This will require operating at the level of treaty-design, by addressing pressing concerns like trade and sustainable development more thoroughly and bindingly ahead of concluding negotiations ? in view of preventing otherwise inescapable enforcement hurdles. 606 $aInternational relations$2bicssc 610 $anon-state actors and civil society 610 $agovernance 610 $aState | Nation 610 $aforeign policy 610 $aeconomic development 610 $afree trade agreements (FTAs) 610 $aadvocacy 610 $apublic management 615 7$aInternational relations 700 $aBiffi$b Leopoldo$01320222 801 0$bFR-FrMaCLE 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910495933903321 996 $aToo Complex or Too Ambitious$93034111 997 $aUNINA