LEADER 00867nam0-2200289 --450 001 9910636698103321 005 20230116100140.0 010 $a0822326221 010 $a0822326280 100 $a20230116d2000----kmuy0itay5050 ba 101 0 $aeng 102 $aUS 105 $a 001yy 200 1 $aCitizens, experts and the environment$ethe politics of local knowledge$fFrank Fischer 210 $aDurham and London$cDuke university press$d2000 215 $aXIV, 336 p.$d24 cm 610 0 $aPartecipazione 610 0 $aCittadini$aIniziative civili 610 0 $aEcologia$aAspetti politici 700 1$aFischer,$bFrank$0382065 801 0$aIT$bUNINA$gREICAT$2UNIMARC 901 $aBK 912 $a9910636698103321 952 $aLEPORE 118$bLEPORE 118$fFARBC 959 $aFARBC 996 $aCitizens, experts, and the environment$9899338 997 $aUNINA LEADER 10828nam 2200541 450 001 9910490023403321 005 20240108135622.0 010 $a3-658-33122-4 035 $a(PPN)273934821 035 $a(CKB)4100000011979316 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6675938 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6675938 035 $a(OCoLC)1260344746 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011979316 100 $a20220327d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aMotives and functions of patenting in public basic science /$fMichael Neumann 210 1$aWiesbaden, Germany :$cSpringer Gabler,$d[2021] 210 4$d©2021 215 $a1 online resource (281 pages) 225 1 $aSpringer Gabler Research 311 $a3-658-33121-6 327 $aIntro -- Abstract -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acronyms -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Patents in Regulatory Complexity -- 1.2 Defining Public Basic Science -- 1.2.1 The linear model: An old but surviving approach -- 1.2.2 The quadrant model -- 1.2.3 The social system model -- 1.2.4 Social norms in science -- 1.3 Shifts in Research Policy - The Rise of the Third Mission -- 1.4 A Primer on Patents in Science -- 1.4.1 Patents as regulatory instruments -- 1.4.2 Patentable basic science? -- 1.4.3 Academic patents as service inventions -- 1.4.4 Disclosure -- 1.4.5 Exclusive rights and their exemptions -- 1.4.6 Summary -- 1.5 The Resulting Friction: Private Ownership, Third Mission, and Basic Science -- 1.5.1 Theoretical concerns -- 1.5.2 Evidence -- 1.6 Research Question: What Are the Real Consequences of Theoretical Friction in Institutional Complexity? -- 1.7 Methodological Considerations -- 1.7.1 Context and data -- 1.7.2 Analysis of individual attitudes and strategies toward patenting -- 1.8 Thesis Structure -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Research Design -- 2.1.1 Why a Case Study? -- 2.1.2 What is the "case?" -- 2.1.3 Choice of case study type -- 2.2 Research Questions -- 2.3 Prior Information and Theoretical Propositions: -- 2.4 Units of Analysis -- 2.4.1 Scientists in Germany -- 2.4.2 Non-university research -- 2.4.3 Public basic science -- 2.4.4 Technologically relevant disciplines -- 2.5 Data Collection and Processing -- 2.5.1 Interview design -- 2.5.2 Interview selection -- 2.5.3 Interview process -- 2.5.4 Transcription -- 2.5.5 Translation -- 2.6 Interview Analysis -- 2.6.1 Coding -- 2.6.2 Interpretation -- 2.6.2.1 Pattern matching -- 2.6.2.2 Explanation-building -- 2.6.2.3 The role of the Knowledge Commons Framework -- 2.7 Quality Criteria. 327 $a3 Theory: Community Governance and Patenting in Science -- 3.1 Commons Governance as a Research Perspective -- 3.1.1 Default neutrality towards markets, authority, and community management -- 3.1.1.1 Three forms of neutrality -- 3.1.1.2 Theoretical fundaments of descriptive neutrality -- 3.1.2 Understanding institutional diversity and complexity -- 3.2 Analytical Tools of the Commons Perspective -- 3.2.1 The IAD framework -- 3.2.1.1 Resource characteristics -- 3.2.1.2 Attributes of the community -- 3.2.1.3 Rules-in-use -- 3.2.1.4 Action arena -- 3.2.1.5 Action-outcome linkages -- 3.2.1.6 Patterns of interaction -- 3.2.1.7 Evaluative criteria: -- 3.2.2 Multiple sources of rule-making -- 3.2.3 Multiple levels of rule-making -- 3.2.4 A grammar of institutions - What kind of rules are established? -- 3.2.5 Applying the tools: Dissecting rules-in-use of the patent system -- 3.2.5.1 Rules -- 3.2.5.2 Norms -- 3.2.5.3 Strategies -- 3.2.5.4 Resulting explanatory advantages -- 3.2.6 Summary -- 3.3 Commons Governance as a Research Object -- 3.3.1 Commons - A disambiguation -- 3.3.2 Common-property regimes: Legal variables of community governance -- 3.3.2.1 Property rules as bundle-of-rights -- 3.3.2.2 Manageable rules-in-use in community governance -- 3.3.3 Common-pool resources - Economic variables in community governance -- 3.4 Cultural Variables in Community Governance -- 3.4.1 "Culture" as a category of informal institutions -- 3.4.2 Interplay of informal and formal institutions -- 3.4.2.1 Substituting formal institutions -- 3.4.2.2 Invalidating formal institutions -- 3.4.2.3 Counteracting formal institutions -- 3.4.3 Summary -- 3.5 Community Governance as Self-Regulation -- 3.5.1 Main elements of commons governance -- 3.5.2 Openness as an important property of commons governance -- 3.5.3 Summary -- 3.6 Peculiarities of Knowledge Commons. 327 $a3.6.1 The interdependency of economic variables and rules-in-use -- 3.6.2 The need for knowledge to be created -- 3.6.3 Specific types of governance failures -- 3.6.4 Summary: Complexity in the governance of knowledge commons -- 3.7 Understanding Science as a Commons -- 3.7.1 What makes commons "scientific"? -- 3.7.2 What makes science a commons? -- 3.7.2.1 Science as a community-based activity -- 3.7.2.2 Science as a self-governed resource production system -- 3.7.2.3 Mertonian norms as informal institutions in open self-governance -- 3.7.2.4 The "open-science" paradigm as a reminder for the rationality and efficiency of communalism for science -- 3.7.3 Nestedness of scientific commons -- 3.7.4 Commons governance in science -- 3.7.4.1 Community governance in research organizations -- 3.7.4.2 Governance of scientific resource systems -- 3.7.5 Summary: Science as a commons vs. scientific commons -- 3.8 Two Explanations for Overvaluations of Anticommons in Science -- 3.8.1 Instrumentalism I: Patent instrumentalism on research instruments -- 3.8.2 Instrumentalism II: Exogenous patents versus endogenous self-governance -- 3.8.3 Anticommons effects in institutional complexity -- 3.9 Chapter Summary -- 4 Policy Analysis: Patenting for the Third Mission -- 4.1 Shifts in Research Policy - The Rise of the "Third Mission" of Public Basic Science -- 4.1.1 Historical perspective -- 4.1.2 Conceptual perspective -- 4.1.3 The regulatory perspective -- 4.1.3.1 Modes and sources of regulation -- 4.1.3.2 New Public Management as market-oriented regulation -- 4.1.4 Policy tools to create regulatory overlaps for the Third Mission -- 4.2 Expectations and Mission Formulation -- 4.2.1 European level -- 4.2.2 National level -- 4.2.3 Organizational level -- 4.3 Third Mission-Directed Resources -- 4.3.1 European level -- 4.3.2 National level -- 4.3.3 Organizational level. 327 $a4.4 Mission-Directed Evaluation -- 4.4.1 European level -- 4.4.2 National level -- 4.4.3 Organizational level -- 4.4.4 Properties of polycentrism -- 4.4.5 Regulatory indetermination of polycentric environments -- 4.5 Summary: Patents as a Proxy for the "Third Mission" -- 4.5.1 Embeddedness of patents in the governance of science -- 4.5.2 Exogenous Third-Mission regulations in the IAD framework -- 5 Empirics: Patenting Motives in Basic Science -- 5.1 Basic Science Defined by Basic Scientists -- 5.1.1 Institutional environment - Basic science as a mission -- 5.1.2 Personal motives: Individual quests for understanding -- 5.1.3 Research activities -- 5.1.4 Research results -- 5.1.5 Sources of innovation: Four dimensions of basic research -- 5.1.5.1 Patentability of basic research results -- 5.1.5.2 Sample selection in view of the research question -- 5.1.5.3 Empirical implications for theoretical models of science -- 5.2 How are Scientists Affected by Existing Patents? -- 5.2.1 Passive ignorance of patents -- 5.2.2 Assessing patent content -- 5.2.3 Active ignorance of patents -- 5.2.4 Two sides of the ignore-patents norm -- 5.3 Mental Models of Intellectual Property and the Third Mission -- 5.3.1 The traditional First Mission versus the new Third Mission -- 5.3.1.1 Summary: Mertonian disinterestedness -- 5.3.2 Mental models of patents and intellectual property -- 5.3.2.1 Sources of learning, and weak initial IP-awareness -- 5.3.2.2 Inclusive understanding of ownership -- 5.3.2.3 Open property -- 5.3.2.4 Summary: Mertonian communalism -- 5.3.3 Mertonian norms: Ideals and reality -- 5.3.3.1 Different starting conditions -- 5.3.3.2 Factors of changing norms and habits -- 5.3.4 Summary: Pragmatism about Mertonian norms -- 5.4 Resulting Motives not to Patent -- 5.4.1 Academic culture -- 5.4.2 Improving via sharing. 327 $a5.4.3 Priority for science and cost-benefit considerations -- 5.4.3.1 Summary: Reasons not to patent -- 5.5 Motives for Patenting -- 5.5.1 Private income - or not? -- 5.5.2 Protection for diffusion into application -- 5.5.2.1 Transfer to application by licensing -- 5.5.2.2 Transfer to application by creating spin-offs -- 5.5.2.3 Own translational research, before transfer to application -- 5.5.3 Access to funding -- 5.5.4 Patents used as a certificate and signal -- 5.5.5 Individual signaling -- 5.5.5.1 Certifying priority and inventiveness -- 5.5.5.2 Addressing industrial labor markets -- 5.5.5.3 Addressing the academic labor markets -- 5.5.5.4 Summary: Individual signaling -- 5.5.6 Organizational signaling -- 5.5.6.1 Meeting public expectations -- 5.5.6.2 Qualitative signaling -- 5.5.6.3 Quantitative signaling -- 5.5.7 Patenting motives: Conclusion -- 5.6 Scientific Forms of Strategic Patenting -- 5.6.1 Patenting motives between external incentives and intrinsic motivation -- 5.6.2 Patenting motives and self-determination theory in the IAD framework -- 5.6.3 Patenting strategies in science and industry -- 5.6.3.1 Comparison of academic and commercial strategies -- 5.6.3.2 Variation of patenting motives over organizational levels -- 5.7 Chapter Summary -- 6 Synthesis: Contextual Patent Functions -- 6.1 Disambiguating Legitimation, Purpose, and Function of Patents -- 6.1.1 An instrumentalist view on patents -- 6.1.2 A look back -- 6.1.2.1 A closer look: Prospect theory -- 6.1.2.2 Primary and secondary functions -- 6.1.3 Fencing a moving target: Distinguishing micro-functions and macro-purposes -- 6.1.3.1 More abstract views -- 6.1.3.2 Macro-purpose and micro-function -- 6.1.4 Summary -- 6.2 Functions as Contextual Action-Outcome Links -- 6.2.1 Shortcomings in the previous view -- 6.2.1.1 Legislative purpose vs. actual consequences. 327 $a6.2.1.2 Heterogeneous sources and purposes of regulation. 410 0$aSpringer Gabler research. 606 $aPatent laws and legislation$zGermany 606 $aScience$vPatents 606 $aPatent laws and legislation 615 0$aPatent laws and legislation 615 0$aScience 615 0$aPatent laws and legislation. 676 $a346.430486 700 $aNeumann$b Michael$0436182 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910490023403321 996 $aMotives and Functions of Patenting in Public Basic Science$91891858 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05551nam 22008295 450 001 9910299240903321 005 20250609110738.0 010 $a3-662-44409-7 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-662-44409-2 035 $a(CKB)3710000000378085 035 $a(EBL)2094054 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001465262 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11755364 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001465262 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11471573 035 $a(PQKB)10280503 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-662-44409-2 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC2094054 035 $a(PPN)184887763 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3108736 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000378085 100 $a20150320d2015 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aBlogosphere and its Exploration /$fby Christoph Meinel, Justus Broß, Philipp Berger, Patrick Hennig 205 $a1st ed. 2015. 210 1$aBerlin, Heidelberg :$cSpringer Berlin Heidelberg :$cImprint: Springer,$d2015. 215 $a1 online resource (272 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a3-662-44408-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntroduction -- The Blogosphere -- Understanding the Blogosphere -- Micro- and Macro-Perspective -- Areas of the Blogosphere.- Introduction to Important Areas of the Blogosphere -- Docu-Blog Use Case: The It-Gipfelblog -- Edu-Blog Use Case: InternetWorking Blog and HPI MOOCs -- Marketing-Blog Use Case: SAP HANA Blog -- Ego-Blog Use Case: Heinz-Paul Bonn -- Corporate-Blog Use Case: SAP Blog.- The Explorer's Path through the Blogosphere -- Challenge of Exploring the Blogosphere -- BlogIntelligence Portal -- DAta Extraction -- Data Analysis -- Data Visualization -- The Secret Depths of the Blogosphere -- Analyzing and Forecasting Trends -- Judging Consistency and Expertise of Blogs -- Expected Growth and Future Structure -- Future Influence and Usage Patterns -- Vision of Analysis and Monitoring -- Bibliography. 330 $aThis book represents an attempt to fully review the phenomenon of the blogosphere. The intention is to provide a reliable guide to understanding and analyzing the world of the unimaginable number of diverse blogs, each consisting of innumerable posts, which in their entirety form the blogosphere. We go on to answer the questions of how to grasp the complexity of the blogosphere and extract useful knowledge from it. In setting out to write this book, our central aim was to increase the reader?s awareness and understanding of the blogosphere phenomenon, including its structure and characteristics. This can be achieved through a better understanding of individual blogs and their particular technical characteristics, as well as a deeper knowledge of how a single blog is embedded and interconnected within the entire blogosphere. The shape and form of the blogosphere can be described using the analogy of different continents. In our description the defining features and characteristics of the continents are illustrated by paradigmatic example blogs. Following on from the structural analysis we provide details of the available methods and describe the complex challenge of automatically retrieving information from the abundance of data contained in the blogosphere. Finally, we present our blog search platform, called BLOGINTELLIGENCE and describe all the tools and features we have developed during the last couple of years to explore the blogosphere.  . 606 $aData mining 606 $aComputers and civilization 606 $aApplication software 606 $aCommunication 606 $aSociology 606 $aComputer science 606 $aData Mining and Knowledge Discovery$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I18030 606 $aComputers and Society$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I24040 606 $aComputer Appl. in Social and Behavioral Sciences$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I23028 606 $aMedia Research$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/X29000 606 $aComputer Science, general$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I00001 606 $aScience, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/A11007 615 0$aData mining. 615 0$aComputers and civilization. 615 0$aApplication software. 615 0$aCommunication. 615 0$aSociology. 615 0$aComputer science. 615 14$aData Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 615 24$aComputers and Society. 615 24$aComputer Appl. in Social and Behavioral Sciences. 615 24$aMedia Research. 615 24$aComputer Science, general. 615 24$aScience, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. 676 $a004 676 $a006.312 676 $a302.23 676 $a50 700 $aMeinel$b Christoph$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0537947 702 $aBroß$b Justus$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aBerger$b Philipp$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aHennig$b Patrick$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910299240903321 996 $aBlogosphere and its Exploration$92517188 997 $aUNINA