LEADER 10880nam 2200493 450 001 9910488710803321 005 20220327085401.0 010 $a94-024-2026-6 035 $a(CKB)5590000000517259 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6675952 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6675952 035 $a(OCoLC)1258245287 035 $a(PPN)258303662 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000517259 100 $a20220327d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aFracture and complexity $eone century since Griffith's milestone /$fAlberto Carpinteri 210 1$aDordrecht, Netherland :$cSpringer Science Business Media, B.V.,$d[2021] 210 4$d©2021 215 $a1 online resource (968 pages) 225 1 $aSolid Mechanics and Its Applications ;$vVolume 237 311 $a94-024-2024-X 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Contents -- Author and Contributors -- About the Author -- Previous Authored or Edited Books -- Contributors -- Part IFrom Stress Singularity to Strain Energy Release Rate: Local Versus Global Approach to Fracture Mechanics -- 1 Stress Concentration at the Notch Root -- 1.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 1.2 Plane Stress Condition -- 1.3 Plane Strain Condition -- 1.4 Thick-Walled Cylinder -- 1.5 Circular Hole in a Plate Subjected to Tension -- 1.6 Analytical Functions -- 1.7 Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili Method -- 1.8 Elliptical Hole in a Plate Subjected to Tension -- 1.9 Griffith's Fracture Energy Criterion -- 1.10 Experimental Confirmations -- References -- 2 Stress Intensification at the Crack Tip -- 2.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2.2 Westergaard's Method -- 2.3 Mode II and Mixed Modes -- 2.4 Stability of Crack Propagation -- 2.5 Elasto-Plastic Material -- 2.6 Isoparametric Finite Elements -- 2.7 Quarter Point Element -- 2.8 Degenerate Triangular Element -- 2.9 Estimation of Error in the Numerical Evaluation of Stress-Intensity Factors -- 2.10 Experimental Determination of the Critical Stress-Intensity Factor KIC for Metallic Materials (ASTM E399 Standard) -- 2.10.1 Characteristics and size of Test Specimens -- 2.10.2 Test procedure -- 2.10.3 Testing Apparatus -- 2.10.4 Analysis of the Load-Displacement Diagrams -- 2.11 Determination of the Fracture Toughness of Rocks -- 2.11.1 Calculation of the Fracture Toughness KCB -- 2.11.2 Correction of Fracture Toughness for Nonlinearity -- References -- 3 Stress Intensification at the Vertex of a Re-entrant Corner -- 3.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 3.2 Singular Stress Field in the Case of Linear Elastic Material -- 3.3 Singular Stress Field in the Case of Strain-Hardening Material -- 3.4 Extension of the Plastic Zone Around a Re-entrant Corner -- 3.5 Generalized Fracture Toughness. 327 $a3.6 Critical Amplitude of a Re-entrant Corner -- 3.7 Size-scale Effects in Structural Elements with Re-entrant Corners -- 3.8 The Notch Blunting Effect -- References -- 4 Energy Approach to Fracture Mechanics -- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 4.2 Relation Between Energy and Stress-Singularity Treatments: Irwin's Theorem -- 4.3 Local Compliance of a Cracked Structural Element -- 4.4 J-Integral -- 4.4.1 Independence of the J-Integral from the Integration Curve -- 4.4.2 Variations of Energy -- 4.4.3 Identity of the J-Integral with the Strain Energy Release Rate mathcalG I -- 4.5 Experimental Investigations -- 4.5.1 Experimental Determination of Fracture Toughness Parameters -- 4.5.2 Comparison Between the Fracture Parameters Obtained -- 4.6 Experimental Determination of Fracture Energy for Mortar and Concrete (Rilem Recommendation) -- 4.6.1 The Proposed Testing Method -- 4.6.2 Testing Procedure and Characteristics of the Test Specimens -- References -- 5 Mixed-Mode Crack Propagation -- 5.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 5.2 Criterion of Maximum Hoop Stress -- 5.3 Criterion of Minimum Strain Energy Density -- 5.4 Criterion of Maximum Released Energy -- 5.5 J-Vector Criterion -- 5.6 Experimental Tests and Empirical Criteria -- 5.7 Scale Effects in Relation to Crack Size -- 5.8 Effect of Stress Parallel to the Crack -- 5.9 Plastic Effects at the Crack Tip -- 5.10 Directional Stability in Crack Propagation -- 5.11 Loci of Resistance in the Principal Stress Plane -- 5.11.1 Mohr-Coulomb Criterion -- 5.11.2 Griffith's Macroscopic Criterion -- 5.11.3 Friction on Griffith Cracks -- 5.11.4 Microcrack Population Model -- References -- Part IIFrom Simple Nonlinear Constitutive Laws to Complex Mechanical Behaviour: Catastrophe and Chaos -- 6 Nonlinear Crack Models -- 6.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 6.2 Plastic Zone at the Crack Tip. 327 $a6.3 Strain Energy Density Criterion-Strain-Hardening Materials -- 6.3.1 Material Behaviour -- 6.3.2 Isotropic Versus Kinematic Hardening -- 6.3.3 Effect of Loading Step -- 6.4 Strain Energy Density Criterion-Strain-Softening Materials -- 6.4.1 Material Behaviour -- 6.4.2 Variation in the ?-? Softening Slope -- 6.4.3 Effect of Loading Step -- 6.4.4 Size Effects on Strength and Ductility -- 6.4.5 Centre-Cracked Slab in Tension -- 6.4.6 Three-Point Bending of a Reinforced Beam with Edge Crack -- 6.4.7 Eccentric Compression of Wall with Edge Crack -- 6.5 Cohesive Crack Model-Mode I -- 6.5.1 Localized Strain -- 6.5.2 Three-Point Bending Test -- 6.5.3 Numerical Procedure -- 6.6 Ductile-Brittle Transition and Snap-Back Instability -- 6.6.1 Influence of Initial Crack Depth and Beam Slenderness -- 6.7 Cohesive Crack Model-Mixed Mode -- 6.7.1 Experimental Program -- 6.7.2 Directional Stability of the Crack Trajectory -- 6.8 Loss of Symmetry and Bifurcations -- 6.8.1 Crack Length Control Scheme -- 6.8.2 Solution of the Single Crack Growth Step -- 6.9 Nonlinear Crack Concepts Applied to Compression: The Overlapping Crack Model -- 6.10 Overlapping Crack Model for Eccentric Compression -- 6.10.1 Numerical Algorithm -- 6.10.2 Comparison Between Model Predictions and Experimental Results -- 6.10.3 Size-Scale and Slenderness Effects in Eccentric Compression Tests -- References -- 7 Size-Scale Transition from Ductile to Brittle Failure -- 7.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 7.2 Dimensional Analysis -- 7.2.1 Buckingham's Theorem -- 7.3 Different Structural Geometries -- 7.4 Size-Scale Effects on Apparent Fracture Toughness -- 7.4.1 Metals -- 7.4.2 Concrete and Rocks -- 7.4.3 Cohesive Crack Model -- 7.4.4 Influence of the Shape of the Cohesive Diagram ?-w -- 7.4.5 Damage Model Versus Cohesive Model -- 7.5 Dugdale Plastic Zone Correction -- 7.6 BCS Crack Model. 327 $a7.7 Virtual Crack Propagation Model -- 7.8 Cohesive Limit Analysis -- 7.8.1 Uniaxial Tensile Loading of Slabs -- 7.8.2 Three-Point Bending of Beams [34, 35] -- 7.8.3 Three-Point Bending of Deep Beams -- 7.9 Size-Scale Effects on Apparent Bending Strength -- 7.10 Brittleness Limit for Infinite Size-Scale -- 7.11 Structural Response Versus Crack Growth Resistance Curve -- 7.11.1 Scale Effect on the Structural Response -- 7.11.2 Strain-Hardening Material -- 7.11.3 Linear-Elastic Material -- 7.11.4 Three-Point Bending Geometry -- 7.11.5 Scale Effect on the J-Resistance Curve -- References -- 8 Mechanical Behaviour of Reinforced Structural Elements -- 8.1 Preliminary Remarks -- 8.2 Crack Growth Stability in Steel-Bar Reinforced Concrete Elements: Rotation Compatibility Condition -- 8.2.1 Statically Indeterminate Reaction of Reinforcement -- 8.2.2 Bending Moment of Reinforcement Plastic Flow -- 8.2.3 Rigid-Hardening Behaviour of the Cracked Beam Section -- 8.2.4 Bending Moment of Matrix Fracture -- 8.2.5 Stability of the Process of Matrix Fracture and Steel Plastic Flow -- 8.2.6 Summary -- 8.3 Crack Growth Stability in Steel-Bar Reinforced Concrete Elements: Crack Opening Displacement Compatibility Condition -- 8.3.1 Displacement Compatibility Condition and Statically Indeterminate Reaction of Reinforcement -- 8.3.2 Combined Stress-Intensity Factor -- 8.3.3 Crack Propagation -- 8.3.4 Moment Versus Rotation Response -- 8.3.5 Comparison with Experimental Results -- 8.3.6 Experimental Confirmation of Snap-Back Behaviour -- 8.3.7 Concluding Remarks -- 8.4 Crack Growth Stability in Fibrous Composites: Discrete Model -- 8.4.1 Theoretical Model -- 8.4.2 Displacement Compatibility Conditions -- 8.4.3 Crack Propagation -- 8.4.4 Structural Response of the Cracked Element -- 8.4.5 Two Fibres -- 8.4.6 Large Number of Fibres -- 8.4.7 Concluding Remarks. 327 $a8.5 Crack Growth Stability in Fibrous Composites: Continuous Model -- 8.5.1 Continuous Model -- 8.5.2 Discrete Model Versus Continuous Model -- 8.5.3 Continuous Model Versus Experimental Results -- 8.5.4 Bridging Option Versus Cohesive Option -- 8.5.5 Concluding Remarks -- 8.6 Hysteretic Behaviour of Steel-Bar Reinforced Concrete Elements: Rotation Compatibility Condition -- 8.6.1 Elastic-Plastic Shake-Down Under Repeated Loadings -- 8.6.2 Critical Crack Depth and Bending Moment -- 8.6.3 Fatigue Crack Growth and Energy Dissipation -- 8.7 Hysteretic Behaviour of Steel-Bar Reinforced Concrete Elements: Crack Opening Displacement Compatibility Condition -- 8.7.1 Moment Versus Rotation Diagrams -- 8.7.2 Beam A -- 8.7.3 Beam B -- 8.7.4 Beam C -- 8.7.5 Experimental Comparisons -- 8.7.6 Concluding Remarks -- 8.8 Hysteretic Behaviour of Fibrous Composites -- 8.8.1 Concluding Remarks -- 8.9 Transitions of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Flexure: Tensile, Shearing, Crushing Failures -- 8.9.1 Modelling Flexural and Shear Cracks -- 8.9.2 Modelling Concrete Crushing -- 8.9.3 Transition Between Different Failure Modes -- 8.9.4 Experimental Evidences -- 8.10 Cohesive/Overlapping Crack Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams -- 8.10.1 Mathematical Formulation -- 8.10.2 Numerical Algorithm -- 8.10.3 Computation of the Elastic Coefficients -- 8.10.4 Parametric Analysis and Experimental Comparisons -- 8.10.5 Size-Scale Effects -- 8.10.6 Effect of the Tensile Steel Reinforcement Percentage -- 8.10.7 Effect of the Steel Reinforcement in Compression -- 8.10.8 Effect of the Concrete Compressive Strength -- 8.10.9 Effect of the Stirrups Confinement -- 8.11 Lower and Upper Reinforcement Limits to the Ductile Behaviour of Concrete Members: Minimum Reinforcement and Rotational Capacity -- 8.11.1 Minimum Reinforcement. 327 $a8.11.2 Models for Computing Minimum Reinforcement. 410 0$aSolid mechanics and its applications ;$vVolume 237. 606 $aFracture mechanics 615 0$aFracture mechanics. 676 $a620.1126 700 $aCarpinteri$b Alberto$f1952-$030793 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910488710803321 996 $aFracture and Complexity$91963583 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04996nam 22005415 450 001 9910255249703321 005 20251030110000.0 010 $a9781137473363 010 $a1137473363 024 7 $a10.1057/978-1-137-47336-3 035 $a(CKB)3710000000869117 035 $a(DE-He213)978-1-137-47336-3 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4720206 035 $a(Perlego)3489814 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000869117 100 $a20160924d2016 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn|008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aHistory as Theatrical Metaphor $eHistory, Myth and National Identities in Modern Scottish Drama /$fby Ian Brown 205 $a1st ed. 2016. 210 1$aLondon :$cPalgrave Macmillan UK :$cImprint: Palgrave Macmillan,$d2016. 215 $a1 online resource (XVI, 247 p.) 311 08$a9781137473356 311 08$a1137473355 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntroduction -- Chapter one. Playwrights and History -- Chapter two. History, Mythology and ?Re-presentation? of events -- Chapter three. Language, Ideology and Identity -- Chapter four. The creation of a ?missing? tradition -- Chapter five. Revealing hidden histories -- Chapter six. The re-visioning of history -- Chapter seven. Alternative visions -- Chapter eight. Re-constructing the deconstructed -- Chapter nine. Conclusion. 330 $a"Focusing on the theatrical use of historical figures, narratives and myths, History as Theatrical Metaphor considers the malleability of history and how this relates to different times, changing perceptions of the nation and shifting political agendas in Scotland. The major strength of this important and lively new book is Ian Brown?s encyclopaedic knowledge of the rich and diverse theatrical culture of Scotland, combined with his understanding of wider European traditions and his experience as a playwright. This combination enables him to trace genealogies, offer comparative commentary and it facilitates a deep understanding of the ideological consequences of themes, myths, language, dramaturgy and theatrical strategies. Focusing on leading Scottish playwrights including David Greig, Liz Lochhead, John McGrath, Robert McLellan and Rona Munro, Brown explores how they have created plays that draw attention to competing versions of history, marginalised histories and the potential to revision history as a way of engaging in debates around such themes as power, independence, gender and the past and future of the Scottish nation." - Nadine Holdsworth, Professor of Theatre and Performance, Warwick University, UK "Ian Brown has written an excellent book about the infinite adaptability of history. He opened my eyes to a world of pre-20th century Scottish drama of which I was only dimly aware. He also writes about more familiar figures, from Barrie and Bridie to Lochhead and Munro with a scholarly brio that demonstrates their ability to find a metaphor for the present in the past. I learned a massive amount from Ian Brown's informed intelligence." - Michael Billington, the Guardian theatre critic This revelatory study explores how Scottish history plays, especially since the 1930s, raise issues of ideology, national identity, historiography, mythology, gender and especially Scottish language. Covering topics up to the end of World War Two, thebook addresses the work of many key figures from the last century of Scottish theatre, including Robert McLellan and his contemporaries, and also Hector MacMillan, Stewart Conn, John McGrath, Donald Campbell, Bill Bryden, Sue Glover, Liz Lochhead, Jo Clifford, Peter Arnott, David Greig, Rona Munro and others often neglected or misunderstood. Setting these writers? achievements in the context of their Scottish and European predecessors, Ian Brown offers fresh insights into key aspects of Scottish theatre. As such, this represents the first study to offer an overarching view of historical representation on Scottish stages, exploring the nature of ?history? and ?myth? and relating these afresh to how dramatists use ? and subvert ? them. Engaging and accessible, this innovative book will attract scholars and students interested in history, ideology, mythology, theatre politics and explorations of national and gender identity. 606 $aPerforming arts 606 $aTheater 606 $aEthnology$zGreat Britain 606 $aCulture 606 $aTheatre and Performance Arts 606 $aBritish Culture 615 0$aPerforming arts. 615 0$aTheater. 615 0$aEthnology 615 0$aCulture. 615 14$aTheatre and Performance Arts. 615 24$aBritish Culture. 676 $a792 700 $aBrown$b Ian$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0133446 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910255249703321 996 $aHistory as Theatrical Metaphor$92496258 997 $aUNINA