LEADER 01054nam0-2200361---450- 001 990009833830403321 005 20140923162337.0 010 $a978-88-15-24508-3 035 $a000983383 035 $aFED01000983383 035 $a(Aleph)000983383FED01 035 $a000983383 100 $a20140306d2013----km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $aita 102 $aIT 105 $ay-------001yy 200 1 $aConsumare il welfare$el'esperienza italiana del secondo Novecento$fa cura di Patrizia Battilani e Corrado Benassi 210 $aBologna$cIl mulino$d2013 215 $a227 p.$cill.$d22 cm 225 1 $aPercorsi.$iStoria 610 0 $aWelfare state$aItalia$a1950-2010 676 $a361.650945$v22$zita 702 1$aBattilani,$bPatrizia 702 1$aBenassi,$bCorrado$f<1957- > 801 0$aIT$bUNINA$gREICAT$2UNIMARC 901 $aBK 912 $a990009833830403321 952 $aIX G 121$b51292$fFSPBC 952 $a361.65 BAT 1$b6506$fBFS 959 $aFSPBC 959 $aBFS 996 $aConsumare il welfare$969098 997 $aUNINA LEADER 12350nam 22008893u 450 001 9910488709003321 005 20230912163632.0 010 $a3-030-49995-2 035 $a(CKB)5590000000516194 035 $aEBL6647753 035 $a(OCoLC)1319210231 035 $a(AU-PeEL)EBL6647753 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/71297 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6647753 035 $a(PPN)260307084 035 $a(oapen)doab71297 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6647753 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000516194 100 $a20220617d2021|||| u|| | 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aProbability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science $eAn Application-Driven Course 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aCham $cSpringer International Publishing AG$d2021 215 $a1 online resource (390 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a3-030-49994-4 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- About This Second Edition -- Contents -- 1 PageRank: A -- 1.1 Model -- 1.2 Markov Chain -- 1.2.1 General Definition -- 1.2.2 Distribution After n Steps and Invariant Distribution -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Irreducibility and Aperiodicity -- 1.3.2 Big Theorem -- 1.3.3 Long-Term Fraction of Time -- 1.4 Illustrations -- 1.5 Hitting Time -- 1.5.1 Mean Hitting Time -- 1.5.2 Probability of Hitting a State Before Another -- 1.5.3 FSE for Markov Chain -- 1.6 Summary -- 1.6.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 1.7 References -- 1.8 Problems -- 2 PageRank: B -- 2.1 Sample Space -- 2.2 Laws of Large Numbers for Coin Flips -- 2.2.1 Convergence in Probability -- 2.2.2 Almost Sure Convergence -- 2.3 Laws of Large Numbers for i.i.d. RVs -- 2.3.1 Weak Law of Large Numbers -- 2.3.2 Strong Law of Large Numbers -- 2.4 Law of Large Numbers for Markov Chains -- 2.5 Proof of Big Theorem -- 2.5.1 Proof of Theorem 1.1 (a) -- 2.5.2 Proof of Theorem 1.1 (b) -- 2.5.3 Periodicity -- 2.6 Summary -- 2.6.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 2.7 References -- 2.8 Problems -- 3 Multiplexing: A -- 3.1 Sharing Links -- 3.2 Gaussian Random Variable and CLT -- 3.2.1 Binomial and Gaussian -- 3.2.2 Multiplexing and Gaussian -- 3.2.3 Confidence Intervals -- 3.3 Buffers -- 3.3.1 Markov Chain Model of Buffer -- 3.3.2 Invariant Distribution -- 3.3.3 Average Delay -- 3.3.4 A Note About Arrivals -- 3.3.5 Little's Law -- 3.4 Multiple Access -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.5.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 3.6 References -- 3.7 Problems -- 4 Multiplexing: B -- 4.1 Characteristic Functions -- 4.2 Proof of CLT (Sketch) -- 4.3 Moments of N(0, 1) -- 4.4 Sum of Squares of 2 i.i.d. N(0, 1) -- 4.5 Two Applications of Characteristic Functions -- 4.5.1 Poisson as a Limit of Binomial -- 4.5.2 Exponential as Limit of Geometric -- 4.6 Error Function. 327 $a4.7 Adaptive Multiple Access -- 4.8 Summary -- 4.8.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 4.9 References -- 4.10 Problems -- 5 Networks: A -- 5.1 Spreading Rumors -- 5.2 Cascades -- 5.3 Seeding the Market -- 5.4 Manufacturing of Consent -- 5.5 Polarization -- 5.6 M/M/1 Queue -- 5.7 Network of Queues -- 5.8 Optimizing Capacity -- 5.9 Internet and Network of Queues -- 5.10 Product-Form Networks -- 5.10.1 Example -- 5.11 References -- 5.12 Problems -- 6 Networks-B -- 6.1 Social Networks -- 6.2 Continuous-Time Markov Chains -- 6.2.1 Two-State Markov Chain -- 6.2.2 Three-State Markov Chain -- 6.2.3 General Case -- 6.2.4 Uniformization -- 6.2.5 Time Reversal -- 6.3 Product-Form Networks -- 6.4 Proof of Theorem 5.7 -- 6.5 References -- 7 Digital Link-A -- 7.1 Digital Link -- 7.2 Detection and Bayes' Rule -- 7.2.1 Bayes' Rule -- 7.2.2 Circumstances vs. Causes -- 7.2.3 MAP and MLE -- Example: Ice Cream and Sunburn -- 7.2.4 Binary Symmetric Channel -- 7.3 Huffman Codes -- 7.4 Gaussian Channel -- Simulation -- 7.4.1 BPSK -- 7.5 Multidimensional Gaussian Channel -- 7.5.1 MLE in Multidimensional Case -- 7.6 Hypothesis Testing -- 7.6.1 Formulation -- 7.6.2 Solution -- 7.6.3 Examples -- Gaussian Channel -- Mean of Exponential RVs -- Bias of a Coin -- Discrete Observations -- 7.7 Summary -- 7.7.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 7.8 References -- 7.9 Problems -- 8 Digital Link-B -- 8.1 Proof of Optimality of the Huffman Code -- 8.2 Proof of Neyman-Pearson Theorem 7.4 -- 8.3 Jointly Gaussian Random Variables -- 8.3.1 Density of Jointly Gaussian Random Variables -- 8.4 Elementary Statistics -- 8.4.1 Zero-Mean? -- 8.4.2 Unknown Variance -- 8.4.3 Difference of Means -- 8.4.4 Mean in Hyperplane? -- 8.4.5 ANOVA -- 8.5 LDPC Codes -- 8.6 Summary -- 8.6.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 8.7 References -- 8.8 Problems -- 9 Tracking-A -- 9.1 Examples -- 9.2 Estimation Problem. 327 $a9.3 Linear Least Squares Estimates -- 9.3.1 Projection -- 9.4 Linear Regression -- 9.5 A Note on Overfitting -- 9.6 MMSE -- 9.6.1 MMSE for Jointly Gaussian -- 9.7 Vector Case -- 9.8 Kalman Filter -- 9.8.1 The Filter -- 9.8.2 Examples -- Random Walk -- Random Walk with Unknown Drift -- Random Walk with Changing Drift -- Falling Object -- 9.9 Summary -- 9.9.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 9.10 References -- 9.11 Problems -- 10 Tracking: B -- 10.1 Updating LLSE -- 10.2 Derivation of Kalman Filter -- 10.3 Properties of Kalman Filter -- 10.3.1 Observability -- 10.3.2 Reachability -- 10.4 Extended Kalman Filter -- 10.4.1 Examples -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.5.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 10.6 References -- 11 Speech Recognition: A -- 11.1 Learning: Concepts and Examples -- 11.2 Hidden Markov Chain -- 11.3 Expectation Maximization and Clustering -- 11.3.1 A Simple Clustering Problem -- 11.3.2 A Second Look -- 11.4 Learning: Hidden Markov Chain -- 11.4.1 HEM -- 11.4.2 Training the Viterbi Algorithm -- 11.5 Summary -- 11.5.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 11.6 References -- 11.7 Problems -- 12 Speech Recognition: B -- 12.1 Online Linear Regression -- 12.2 Theory of Stochastic Gradient Projection -- 12.2.1 Gradient Projection -- 12.2.2 Stochastic Gradient Projection -- 12.2.3 Martingale Convergence -- 12.3 Big Data -- 12.3.1 Relevant Data -- 12.3.2 Compressed Sensing -- 12.3.3 Recommendation Systems -- 12.4 Deep Neural Networks -- 12.4.1 Calculating Derivatives -- 12.5 Summary -- 12.5.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 12.6 References -- 12.7 Problems -- 13 Route Planning: A -- 13.1 Model -- 13.2 Formulation 1: Pre-planning -- 13.3 Formulation 2: Adapting -- 13.4 Markov Decision Problem -- 13.4.1 Examples -- 13.5 Infinite Horizon -- 13.6 Summary -- 13.6.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 13.7 References -- 13.8 Problems -- 14 Route Planning: B -- 14.1 LQG Control. 327 $a14.1.1 Letting N ?? -- 14.2 LQG with Noisy Observations -- 14.2.1 Letting N ?? -- 14.3 Partially Observed MDP -- 14.3.1 Example: Searching for Your Keys -- 14.4 Summary -- 14.4.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 14.5 References -- 14.6 Problems -- 15 Perspective and Complements -- 15.1 Inference -- 15.2 Sufficient Statistic -- 15.2.1 Interpretation -- 15.3 Infinite Markov Chains -- 15.3.1 Lyapunov-Foster Criterion -- 15.4 Poisson Process -- 15.4.1 Definition -- 15.4.2 Independent Increments -- 15.4.3 Number of Jumps -- 15.5 Boosting -- 15.6 Multi-Armed Bandits -- 15.7 Capacity of BSC -- 15.8 Bounds on Probabilities -- 15.8.1 Applying the Bounds to Multiplexing -- 15.9 Martingales -- 15.9.1 Definitions -- 15.9.2 Examples -- 15.9.3 Law of Large Numbers -- 15.9.4 Wald's Equality -- 15.10 Summary -- 15.10.1 Key Equations and Formulas -- 15.11 References -- 15.12 Problems -- Correction to: Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science -- Correction to: Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Funding Information) -- A Elementary Probability -- A.1 Symmetry -- A.2 Conditioning -- A.3 Common Confusion -- A.4 Independence -- A.5 Expectation -- A.6 Variance -- A.7 Inequalities -- A.8 Law of Large Numbers -- A.9 Covariance and Regression -- A.10 Why Do We Need a More Sophisticated Formalism? -- A.11 References -- A.12 Solved Problems -- B Basic Probability -- B.1 General Framework -- B.1.1 Probability Space -- B.1.2 Borel-Cantelli Theorem -- B.1.3 Independence -- B.1.4 Converse of Borel-Cantelli Theorem -- B.1.5 Conditional Probability -- B.1.6 Random Variable -- B.2 Discrete Random Variable -- B.2.1 Definition -- B.2.2 Expectation -- B.2.3 Function of a RV -- B.2.4 Nonnegative RV -- B.2.5 Linearity of Expectation -- B.2.6 Monotonicity of Expectation -- B.2.7 Variance, Standard Deviation. 327 $aB.2.8 Important Discrete Random Variables -- B.3 Multiple Discrete Random Variables -- B.3.1 Joint Distribution -- B.3.2 Independence -- B.3.3 Expectation of Function of Multiple RVs -- B.3.4 Covariance -- B.3.5 Conditional Expectation -- B.3.6 Conditional Expectation of a Function -- B.4 General Random Variables -- B.4.1 Definitions -- B.4.2 Examples -- B.4.3 Expectation -- B.4.4 Continuity of Expectation -- B.5 Multiple Random Variables -- B.5.1 Random Vector -- B.5.2 Minimum and Maximum of Independent RVs -- B.5.3 Sum of Independent Random Variables -- B.6 Random Vectors -- B.6.1 Orthogonality and Projection -- B.7 Density of a Function of Random Variables -- B.7.1 Linear Transformations -- B.7.2 Nonlinear Transformations -- B.8 References -- B.9 Problems -- References -- Index. 330 $aThis revised textbook motivates and illustrates the techniques of applied probability by applications in electrical engineering and computer science (EECS). The author presents information processing and communication systems that use algorithms based on probabilistic models and techniques, including web searches, digital links, speech recognition, GPS, route planning, recommendation systems, classification, and estimation. He then explains how these applications work and, along the way, provides the readers with the understanding of the key concepts and methods of applied probability. Python labs enable the readers to experiment and consolidate their understanding. The book includes homework, solutions, and Jupyter notebooks. This edition includes new topics such as Boosting, Multi-armed bandits, statistical tests, social networks, queuing networks, and neural networks. For ancillaries related to this book, including examples of Python demos and also Python labs used in Berkeley, please email Mary James at mary.james@springer.com. This is an open access book. 606 $aMaths for computer scientists$2bicssc 606 $aCommunications engineering / telecommunications$2bicssc 606 $aMaths for engineers$2bicssc 606 $aProbability & statistics$2bicssc 610 $aProbability and Statistics in Computer Science 610 $aCommunications Engineering, Networks 610 $aMathematical and Computational Engineering 610 $aProbability Theory and Stochastic Processes 610 $aStatistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences 610 $aMathematical and Computational Engineering Applications 610 $aProbability Theory 610 $aStatistics in Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences 610 $aApplied probability 610 $aHypothesis testing 610 $aDetection theory 610 $aExpectation maximization 610 $aStochastic dynamic programming 610 $aMachine learning 610 $aStochastic gradient descent 610 $aDeep neural networks 610 $aMatrix completion 610 $aLinear and polynomial regression 610 $aOpen Access 610 $aMaths for computer scientists 610 $aMathematical & statistical software 610 $aCommunications engineering / telecommunications 610 $aMaths for engineers 610 $aProbability & statistics 610 $aStochastics 615 7$aMaths for computer scientists 615 7$aCommunications engineering / telecommunications 615 7$aMaths for engineers 615 7$aProbability & statistics 700 $aWalrand$b Jean$0103675 801 0$bAU-PeEL 801 1$bAU-PeEL 801 2$bAU-PeEL 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910488709003321 996 $aProbability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science$92870258 997 $aUNINA