LEADER 04294oam 22004934a 450 001 9910482008803321 005 20230621141352.0 010 $a0-7006-3082-1 035 $a(CKB)5600000000000309 035 $a(OCoLC)1252623480 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse95526 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/88492 035 $a(EXLCZ)995600000000000309 100 $a20091212d1979 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|||||||nn|n 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 14$aThe Black Towns$fNorman L. Crockett 210 $cUniversity Press of Kansas$d1979 210 1$aLawrence :$cRegents Press of Kansas,$d1979. 210 4$dİ1979. 215 $a1 online resource (244 Seiten) : $cIllustrationen 311 $a0-7006-3145-3 311 $a0-7006-0185-6 330 $aFrom Appomattox to World War I, Blacks continued their quest for a secure position in the American system. The problem was how to be both black and American?how to find acceptance, or even toleration, in a society in which the boundaries of normative behavior, the values, and the very definition of what it meant to be an American were determined and enforced by whites. A few black leaders proposed selfsegregation inside the United States within the protective confines of an allBlack community as one possible solution. The Blacktown idea reached its peak in the fifty years after the Civil War; at least sixty Black communities were settled between 1865 and 1915.Norman L. Crockett has focused on the formation, growth and failure of five such communities. The towns and the date of their settlement are: Nicodemus, Kansas (1879), established at the time of the Black exodus from the South; Mound Bayou, Mississippi (1897), perhaps the most prominent Black town because of its close ties to Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee Institute: Langston, Oklahoma (1891), visualized by one of its promoters as the nucleus for the creation of an allBlack state in the West; and Clearview (1903) and Boley (1904), in Oklahoma, twin communities in the Creek Nation which offer the opportunity observe certain aspects of IndianBlack relations in this area.The role of Blacks in town promotion and settlement has long been a neglected area in western and urban history, Crockett looks at patterns of settlement and leadership, government, politics, economics, and the problems of isolation versus interaction with the white communities. He also describes family life, social life, and class structure within the black towns.Crockett looks closely at the rhetoric and behavior of blacks inside the limits of their own community?isolated from the domination of whites and freed from the daily reinforcement of their subordinate rank in the larger society. He finds that, long before ?Black is beautiful? entered the American vernacular, Blacktown residents exhibited a strong sense of race price. The reader observes in microcosm Black attitudes about many aspects of American life as Crockett ties the Blacktown experience to the larger question of race relations at the turn of the century.This volume also explains the failure of the Blacktown dream. Crockett cites discrimination, lack of capital, and the many forces at work in the local, regional, and national economies. He shows how the racial and townbuilding experiment met its demise as the residents of allBlack communities became both economically and psychologically trapped.This study adds valuable new material to the literature on black history, and makes a significant contribution to American social and urban history, community studies, and the regional history of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Mississippi. 606 $aStadt$3(DE-588)4056723-0$2gnd 606 $aSchwarze$3(DE-588)4116433-7$2gnd 606 $aGru?ndung$3(DE-588)4020642-7$2gnd 607 $aUSA$2gnd 608 $aElectronic books. 610 $aHistory of the Americas 615 00$aStadt. 615 00$aSchwarze. 615 00$aGru?ndung. 676 $a973/.04/96073 700 $aCrockett$b Norman L$01025645 801 0$bMdBmJHUP 801 1$bMdBmJHUP 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910482008803321 996 $aThe Black Towns$92439198 997 $aUNINA